View source for Aircraft ground handling

{{short description|Servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground, typically at an airport gate}}
{{excessive examples|date=October 2021}}
{{lead too short|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Airbus A380-800 of Lufthansa in Frankfurt Germany - Aircraft ground handling at FRA EDDF.jpg|thumb|Aircraft ground handling of a [[Lufthansa]] [[Airbus A380]] at [[Frankfurt Airport]] in [[Germany]].]]

In [[aviation]], '''aircraft ground handling''' or ground operations defines the servicing of an [[aircraft]] while it is on the ground and (usually) parked at a [[Gate (airport)|terminal gate]] of an [[airport]].

==Overview==
[[File:Icelandair Surtsey TF-FIJ boeing757-200.JPG|thumb|right|[[Icelandair]] Boeing 757 being serviced by another airline; [[Scandinavian Airlines|SAS]] at [[Gardermoen Airport]]]]
[[File:ground.handling.arp.jpg|thumb|A ground-handling tug pulls a [[British Airways]] [[Boeing 747-400]] at [[Heathrow Airport]], England]]
[[File:Qatar Airways Airbus A380-800 at Heathrow Airport Terminal 4 before Flying to Doha, 6 Jan 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A380-800]] operated by [[Qatar Airways]] on [[Airport apron|apron]] outside [[Heathrow Terminal 4]] with a wide range of [[Airport ground support equipment|ground handling equipments]] around such as aircraft container, pallet loader, [[Unit load device|ULD]], jet air starter, belt loader, [[Pushback (aviation)|pushback tug]], catering vehicles and dollies.]]

Many [[airline]]s [[subcontract]] ground handling to airports, handling agents or even to another airline.  According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), conservative estimates indicate airlines outsource more than 50&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent of the ground handling that takes place at the world's airports.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/ops-infra/pages/ground-handling.aspx|title=Ground Handling|publisher=International Air Transport Association |author=International Air Transport Association |archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005235112/https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/ops-infra/Pages/ground-handling.aspx}}</ref> Ground handling addresses the many service requirements of an [[airliner]] between the time it arrives at a terminal gate and the time it departs on its next flight. Speed, efficiency, and accuracy are important in ground handling services in order to minimize the turnaround time (the time during which the aircraft must remain parked at the gate).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/ALOHA/ALOHA_PUB_DLRK_09-09-08.pdf|title=Improvements to ground handling operations and their benefits to direct operating costs|first1=F|last1=Gomez|first2=D|last2=Scholz|publisher=Hamburg University of Applied Sciences|year=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028011212/http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/ALOHA/ALOHA_PUB_DLRK_09-09-08.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2013}}</ref> Faster turnarounds for lower ground times are correlated to better profits.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://airinsight.com/2017/05/08/correlation-airline-ground-time-profits/ |title= The correlation between airline ground time and profits |work= AirInsight |date= May 8, 2017}}</ref>

Airlines with less-frequent service or fewer resources at a particular location sometimes subcontract ground handling or on-call [[aircraft maintenance]] to another airline, as it is a short-term cheaper alternative to setting up its own ground handling or maintenance capabilities.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Goldair Handling airport catering truck at Chania Airport.jpg|thumb|Catering-truck at [[Chania International Airport]].{{Credit|Marius Vassnes}}]]
Airlines may participate in an industry-standard Mutual Assistance Ground Service Agreement (MAGSA). The MAGSA is published by the [[Air Transport Association]] (the current version is from 1981) and is used by airlines to assess prices for maintenance and support to aircraft at so-called MAGSA Rates, which are updated annually based on changes in the U.S. Producer Price Index.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Airlines may choose to contract for ground handling services under the terms of a Standard Ground Handling Agreement (SGHA) published in the International Air Transport Association ([[IATA]]) ''Airport Handling Manual''.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/ahm.aspx|title=Airport Handling Manual (AHM)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018020202/http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/ahm.aspx|archive-date=18 October 2013|publisher=International Air Transport Association |author=International Air Transport Association}}</ref> Airlines may also contract for ground handling services under non-standard terms.

Most ground services are not directly related to the actual flying of the aircraft, and instead involve other tasks. The major categories of ground handling services are described below.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

===Aircraft Appearance and Provisioning===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
Services related to aircraft cleanliness and passenger comfort:
* Cabin cleaning – cleaning seats, galleys, and lavatories. Resetting the cabin (folding seatbelts, uniform seat and window shade position) to appear untouched.
* Lavatory service – exterior service of lavatory by draining and filling of waste tanks.
* Provisioning – replacing literature, blankets, pillows, and consumable supplies.
* Security search – searching aircraft for prohibited items as required by airline policy or regulatory requirement.
* Water service – exterior service of aircraft water system by filling tank with potable water for use inflight.

===Catering===
{{main|Catering}}
[[Ground support equipment#Catering vehicle|Catering]] includes the unloading of unused food and drink from the aircraft, and the [[Provisioning (cruise ship)|loading]] of fresh food and drink for passengers and crew. In flight [[airline meal]]s are delivered at the seats in ''[[airline service trolley]]s.'' Empty or trash-filled trolley from the previous flight are replaced with fresh ones.  Meals are prepared mostly on the ground in order to minimize the amount of preparation (apart from chilling or reheating) required in flight.

While some airlines provide their own catering, others have either owned catering companies in the past and [[divestiture|divested]] themselves of the companies, or have [[outsource]]d their catering to third-party companies. Airline catering sources include the following companies:

*Airline Services & Logistics PLC(EPZE)
*Atlas Catering (Royal Air Maroc)
*[[Cara Operations]]
*Cathay Pacific Catering Services ([[Cathay Pacific]])
*[[DHL Supply Chain]]
*
*[[Gate Gourmet]]
*KLM Catering Services ([[KLM]])
*[[LSG Sky Chefs]]
*[[Sky Cafe’]]
*Q Catering ([[Qantas]])
*[[SATS (company)|SATS Food]]
*[[Servair]]
*Thai Catering Services ([[Thai Airways]])

===Ramp service===
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Boeing 757-251 - Northwest Airlines - N538US - EHAM (2).jpg|thumb|right|Luggage being unloaded from a [[Northwest Airlines]] [[Boeing 757-200]] at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]]]]
[[File:Airbus A321-231 - British Airways - G-EUXH - EHAM (5).jpg|thumb|right|A [[British Airways]] aircraft being refueled]]
[[File:KLM Pushback tractor and ground power unit.jpg|thumb|right|[[KLM]] Pushback tractor and a ground power unit]]
[[File:Aircraft lavatory service.jpg|thumb|right|Lavatory drainage]]

This includes services on the [[Airport ramp|ramp]] or apron, such as:
*Guiding the aircraft into and out of the parking position (by way of [[aircraft marshalling]]),
*Towing with [[Ground support equipment#Pushback tugs and tractors|pushback tractors]]
*[[Air conditioning|Pre-Conditioned Air and Heating]] 
* [[Ground support equipment#Air Start Unit|Airstart units]] (for starting engines)
* [[Luggage]] handling, usually by means of [[beltloaders]] and [[baggage cart]]s
*Gate checked luggage, often handled on the tarmac as passengers disembark
*[[Air cargo]] handling, usually by means of cargo [[Ground support equipment#Dollies|dollies]] and cargo loaders.
* [[Ground support equipment#Ground power units|Ground power]] (so that engines need not be running to provide aircraft power on the ground)
* [[Ground support equipment#Passenger boarding steps/stairs|Passenger stairs]] (used instead of an [[aerobridge]] or [[airstairs]], some budget airlines use both to improve turnaround speed)
* PIGS (Passenger Integrated Guidance System)<!-- The "I" can also stand for Inline, Ideal or Inert -->, a retractable barrier, is used to ensure passengers do not walk underneath the wings<ref name="Aerotime">{{cite news |last1=Wignall |first1=Alec |title=How it works: the aircraft turnaround – AeroTime |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/32767-how-it-works-the-aircraft-turnaround |access-date=28 December 2023 |work=Aerotime |date=27 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Wheelchair lift]]s, if required
*[[Deicing]]

===Passenger service===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}} 
[[File:Immaculate Flight working on a Global Express Aircraft.jpg|thumb|[[Business jet]] cleaning]]

This includes services inside the [[airport terminal]] such as:
*Providing check-in counter services for the passengers departing on the customer airlines.
*Providing gate arrival and departure services. The agents are required to meet a flight on arrival as well as provide departure services including boarding passengers and closing the flight.
*Staffing the transfer counters, customer service counters and airline lounges.

===Field operation service===
This service dispatches the aircraft, maintains communication with the rest of the airline operation at the airport and with [[Air Traffic Control]].{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

==List of notable handling agents==
{{listcruft|date=October 2021}}
===Asia===
[[Turkey]]

* [https://jetmate.aero/ Jetmate Aviation] 

====[[Bangladesh]]====
* {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]]

====[[India]]====
* {{flagicon|IND}} Air India Airport Services Limited – all Indian airports – presently providing services at 74 airports in India
* {{flagicon|IND}} Air India SATS Airport Services Private Limited – Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Trivandrum, Mangalore, Cochin
* {{flagicon|IND}} LAS Ground Force Handling – Goa, Udaipur, Bagdogra
* {{flagicon|IND}} Bhadra International India Pvt Ltd – Chennai
* {{flagicon|IND}} Bird Worldwide Flight Services Pvt Ltd – Delhi, Mumbai, Kochi
* {{flagicon|IND}} Livewel Aviation – Mumbai, Delhi
* {{flagicon|IND}} Globe Ground India – Ahmadabad, Bangalore
* {{flagicon|IND}} Indo Thai Airport Management Services Pvt Ltd – Amritsar, Lucknow, Mohali
* {{flagicon|IND}} Agile Airport Services Pvt Ltd – presently providing services at 8 airports in India

====[[Hong Kong]]====
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cathay Pacific]]
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Airport Services]] (parent company: [[Cathay Pacific]])
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Jardine Aviation Services]] (parent company: [[Jardine Matheson]])
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Singapore Airport Terminal Services|SATS]] HK (parent company: [[Hong Kong Airlines]])
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[United Airlines]]

====[[Japan]]====
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[All Nippon Airways]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[JAL Ground Service]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan Airport Ground Handling]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan Airport Service Co., Ltd.]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[International Air Cargo Terminal Co., Ltd.]]

====[[Korea]]====
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Korea Airport Service]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Asiana Airport Service]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[DongBo Airport Service]]

====[[Laos]]====
* {{flagicon|LAO}} [[Andaman Aviation Services]]

====[[Nepal]]====
*{{flagicon|NPL}} [[Nepal Airlines]] – Kathmandu

====[[Pakistan]]====
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Shaheen Airport Services (Pvt) Ltd]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Gerry’s dnata (Pvt) Ltd]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Royal Airport Services (Pvt) Ltd]]

====[[Singapore]]====
* {{flagicon|SIN}} [[SATS Ltd]]
* {{flagicon|SIN}} [[dnata Singapore]]
* {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Universal Weather and Aviation|Universal Aviation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=FBO, Ground Handling in Singapore (WSSL) |url=https://www.universalaviation.aero/ground-support-locations/singapore/singapore/WSSL/ |website=Universal Aviation |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

====[[Philippines]]====
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [https://airmachaviation.com/ Airmach Aviation]
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} 1 Aviation
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} dnata Philippines
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[MacroAsia Corporation|MacroAsia Airport Services Corporation]]
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} MDFS PHILIPPINES
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions

====[[Taiwan]]====
* {{flagicon|TWN}} [[China Airlines|China Airlines Co., Ltd.]]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taoyuan International Airport Services Limited|Taoyuan International Airport Services Co., Ltd.]]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taiwan Airport Service Co., Ltd.]]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Evergreen Airlines Service]]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taiwan Sky Ground Service Co., Ltd.]]

====[[Thailand]]====
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Wingspan Services Co., Ltd.]]
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[BAGS Ground Services Co., Ltd.]]
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Andaman Aviation Services]]
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[AOTGA AOT Ground Aviation Services Co., Ltd.]]

===The Caribbean===
====[[Bahamas]]====
* {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Earco Elite FBO]]

====[[Barbados]]====
* {{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Caribbean Aircraft Handling Co., Ltd.]]

====[[Jamaica]]====
* {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[AJAS Aviation Services]]
* {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Eulen America]]
* {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[GCG Ground Services Jamaica]]
* {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaica Dispatch Services Ltd.]]

====[[ St. Vincent and the Grenadines]]====
* {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Caribbean Aviation Management, Inc.]]

===Europe===
====[[Belgium]]====
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Aviapartner]]

==== [[Cyprus]] ====
* {{Flagicon|CYP}} LGS Handling
* CTT Aviation Ltd.
* {{Flagicon|CYP}} SWISSPORT

====[[Denmark]]====
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[SAS Ground Handling]]

====[[Finland]]====
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[AIRPRO]]
* {{flagicon|FIN}} Aviator

====[[France]]====
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Groupe Europe Handling
*{{flagicon|FRA}} 3S Alyzia
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Aviapartner]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Ladybird Ground Services
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Samsic Assistance]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samsic.fr/en/ground-handling|title = Services assistance aéroport: Handling, assistance en escale – Samsic}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Servair]]

==== [[Greece]] ====
* {{Flagicon|Greece}} Goldair
* {{Flagicon|Greece}} Skyserv
* {{Flagicon|Greece}} Swissport hellas

====[[Ireland]]====
* {{Flagicon|Ireland}} Sky Handling Partner

====[[Italy]]====
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} Airport Handling
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Aviapartner]]
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} Aviation Services
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} Ags Handling

====[[Latvia]]====
* {{Flagicon|Latvia}} HAVAS Ground Handling Co.

====[[Lithuania]]====
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Baltic Ground Services]]
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Litcargus]]

==== [[Netherlands]] ====
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[KLM groundhandling]]

==== [[Norway]] ====
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Menzies Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[SAS Ground Handling]]

====[[Poland]]====
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Baltic Ground Services]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[LS Airport Services]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Welcome Airport Services]]

====[[Portugal]]====
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Groundforce Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Portway (company)|Portway]]

====[[Russia]]====
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Sheremetyevo Handling]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow Domodedovo Airport|Domodedovo Airport Handling]]
''and others. Usually each airport in Russia has it own ground handling company''

====[[Sweden]]====
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[SAS Ground Handling]]
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[AVIATOR Ground Handling]]
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Menzies Aviation]]

====[[Switzerland]]====
* {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Swissport]]
* {{flagicon|CHE}} [[dnata]]
* {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Airline Assistance Switzerland|AAS]]

====[[Turkey]]====
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkish Ground Services]]
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[HAVAS Ground Handling Co.]]
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Celebi Ground Handling Inc.]]
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[FUGO Ground Handling Inc.]]

==== [[United Kingdom]] ====
* {{flagicon|UK}} Airline Services
* {{flagicon|UK}} American Airlines Handling (subsidiary of [[American Airlines]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com/i18n/travelInformation/destinationInformation/lhr-airport.jsp|title=London Heathrow, United Kingdom (LHR)|website=aa.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} Aviator Nordic
* {{flagicon|UK}} Azzurra / Premiere Handling
* {{flagicon|UK}} Blue Handling (joint venture between [[Ryanair]] and [[ABM Industries|OmniServ]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://corporate.ryanair.com/news/ryanair-appoints-handler-at-london-stansted-airport/ | title=Ryanair Appoints Handler at London Stansted Airport – Ryanair's Corporate Website | date=15 October 2018 }}</ref>)
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[British Airways]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} Cobalt Ground Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cobaltgs.com/|title=Cobalt Ground Solutions}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[DHL]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Dnata]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} Gatwick Ground Services (subsidiary of [[British Airways]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/10390742|title=GATWICK GROUND SERVICES LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Jet2.com|Jet2 Handling]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Menzies Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} Signature Flight Support<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.signatureflight.com/locations/bhx|title=Signature BHX &#124; Fixed Base Operator (FBO) at Birmingham Airport|website=signatureflight.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Stobart Group#Star Handling|Star Handling]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Swissport|Swissport GB]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} World Flight Services (WFS)
* {{flagicon|UK}} Premiere Executive Handling Ltd
* {{flagicon|UK}} ASC Handling Services

===Middle East===
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[ASE – Egypt Member ASE Group]]
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[ASE – UAE Member Of ASE Group]]
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[ SE – Morocco Member Of ASE Group]]
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[New Star Aviation Services]]
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[dnata]] (Also active in other countries)
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Egypt Air Ground Services]]
* {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudi Private Aviation-SPA]]
* {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudia Cargo]]
* {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudia Ground Services-SGS]]
* {{flagicon|KSA}} [[HAVAS Ground Handling Co.]]
* {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman Air]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Shaheen Airport Services]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Royal Airport Services]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} Gerry's dnata
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Airways Flight Support Services]]
* {{flagicon|Bahrain}} BAS (Bahrain Airport Services)
* {{flagicon|Qatar}} QAS (Qatar Aviation Services)
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[El Al]]
* {{flagicon|ISR}} Laufer GHI
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Quality Airport Services (QAS)|QAS (Quality Airport Services)]]
* {{flagicon|ISR}} Aerohandling

===North and Central America===
====[[Canada]]====
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Swissport]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Airport Terminal Services (ATS)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Menzies Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[GTA Dnata]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Air North]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Strategic Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Global Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Ironman Holdings]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Allied Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Air Canada]]

====[[Cuba]]====
* {{flagicon|CUB}} [[Empresa Cubana de Aeropuertos y Servicios Aeronáuticos|ECASA]] 

====[[Mexico]]====
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Kion de Mexico]]
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Aeromexico Servicios

====[[United States]]====
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Alliance Ground International]] and subsidiaries
:* Airport Terminal Services (ATS)
:* Total Airport Services (TAS)
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Dnata]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[G2 Secure Staff]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[GAT Airline Ground Support]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[McGee Air Services]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Menzies Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Swissport]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Trego/Dugan Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Unifi Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[United Ground Express]]
* {{flagicon|US}} [[Worldwide Flight Services (WFS)]]
:* WFS Express

===South America===
====[[Peru]]====
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Swissport]]
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Talma Servicios Aeroportuarios]]

====[[Uruguay]]====
* {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} Candysur S.A.

===Oceania===
====[[Australia]]====
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Swissport]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Oceania Aviation]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dnata]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Menzies Ground Handling]]

== See also ==
* [[Galley (kitchen)#Aviation kitchen|Flight kitchen]]
* [[Ground support equipment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{citation|title=ISO 9001:2008—Quality management systems}}

== External links ==
{{commonscatinline}}
*{{citation|url=http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/workgroups/Pages/ghc.aspx|title=IATA Ground Handling Council|author=International Air Transport Association|publisher=International Air Transport Association|access-date=2013-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927144002/http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/workgroups/Pages/ghc.aspx|archive-date=2013-09-27|url-status=dead}}
*{{citation|url=http://www.groundhandling.com/ghipublication/|title=Ground Handling International|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200614/http://www.groundhandling.com/ghipublication/|archive-date=2013-10-29}}

[[Category:Aircraft ground handling| ]]