View source for Gerrit Johannes Geysendorffer

{{Short description|Dutch aviation pioneer}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Gerrit Johannes Geysendorffer
| image         = Gerrit Geysendorffer.png
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| birth_place   = [[Sliedrecht]], [[the Netherlands]]
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1892|04|01}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1947|01|26|1892|04|01}}
| death_place   = [[Kastrup]], [[Denmark]]
| nationality   = [[Netherlands|Dutch]]
| occupation    = [[Military pilot]], [[airline transport pilot]] for [[KLM]]
}}

'''Gerrit Johannes "Geys"<ref name="NLC-1947"/> Geysendorffer'''{{efn|several spelling variations of his surname have been used, including Geysendorfer,<ref name="AH-1934"/> Geyssendorffer,<ref name="Maasbode-1927-1"/> and Geyssendorfer;<ref name="DvNB-1934-1"/> in some sources also referred to as Jan Johannes Geysendorffer<ref name="Nl-1937"/> or Gerrit Jan Geysendorffer,<ref name="Mijksenaar-1934"/> with Jan being a common Dutch nickname for Johannes}} (1 April 1892, [[Sliedrecht]]{{spaced ndash}}26 January 1947, [[Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup]]) was a Dutch [[aviation pioneer]], knight in the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]], and recipient of the 1926 [[Harmon Trophy|Harmon National Trophy]] for the Netherlands.

Originally a [[military pilot]], he was the first Dutch aviator to become a licensed [[airline transport pilot]] and one of the first two Dutch pilots employed by [[KLM]] Royal Dutch Airlines. He was the captain of the first intercontinental [[charter flight]] in 1927, a participant in the 1934 [[MacRobertson Air Race]], and the captain of the fatal [[1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen disaster|1947 KLM PH-TCR flight]]. At the time of his death, Geysendorffer was the oldest pilot in KLM's employ and had accumulated over 25000 [[flight hours]].

==Personal life==
Geysendorffer was born on 1 April 1892 in Sliedrecht.<ref name="NLC-1947"/> He married Tofa Spandet on 14 December 1926,<ref name="courant-1926"/> with whom he had two children.<ref name="NLC-1947"/> He died on 26 January 1947 when the plane he was piloting crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup]].<ref name="NLC-1947"/>
==Career==
===Military service===
Geysendorffer joined the Luchtvaartafdeling (LVA, the predecessor of the [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]]) at [[Soesterberg Air Base]] in 1918<ref name="Brugmans-1938"/> or 1919,<ref name="NLC-1947"/> and on 4 September 1919 received his [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|F.A.I.]] license.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/> During his time at Soesterberg, he took part in a number of meteorological research flights,<ref name="Langerveld-1988"/> and accumulated 580 flight hours with the LVA by 1921.<ref name="Vaderland-1926"/>
===N.G.G. Combinatie===
On 1 April 1920, Sergeant Geysendorffer and two of his fellow NCOs, Evert Jacob Need and Piet van de Griend, started a small air tourism business called N.G.G. Combinatie, to hold demonstration flights when the men were on leave.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/> The business used a single plane, a [[DFW C.V]] which had been bought by Geysendorffer and company and subsequently gifted to the LVA on the condition that Need, Geysendorffer and Van de Griend would be permitted to fly it when on leave.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/>
In June 1920, during the yearly [[traveling carnival]] ({{langx|nl|kermis}}) in Venlo, N.G.G. Combinatie held a series of demonstration flights over the city over the course of several days, including multiple flights on 19 and 21 June. Whether any flights occurred on 22 June prior to a fatal flight that day is unknown.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/> The fatal flight, a low flight over the city to drop advertising flyers for a local cinema, was piloted by Need while Geysendorffer and Van de Griend were in nearby [[Helden]] in order to plan future demonstration flights there. The plane took off around 3 p.m. local time from the Groote Heide{{efn|a heath near Venlo that is now part of the [[Maas-Schwalm-Nette Nature Park]]<ref name="Maas-Schwalm-Nette"/>}} with Need and two passengers on board: the son of the cinema's owner, and the wife of the cinema's silent film narrator.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/>

The plane caught on fire and hit a building on the Lomstraat in Venlo, but reports conflict on the order in which this happened. The ''Delftsche Courant'' wrote on 23 June 1920 that the plane, while flying over Venlo, caught on fire as a result of a burst fuel tank and subsequently came down,<ref name="dc-1920"/> while the ''Zutphensche Courant'' wrote that the plane made an abnormal swerve, came down, then caught fire as a result of a burst fuel tank right before impact.<ref name="zc-1920"/> In their 2013 article on N.G.G. Combinatie, Gerdessen and Hazewinkel describe the plane as having caught on fire while in flight and crashing as a result, but also cite an accident report by the Rijks Studiedienst voor Luchtvaart (RSL, predecessor of the [[Royal NLR]]) that describes the plane as having caught on fire after the impact.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/> What all reports agree on is that all three people on board died.<ref name="dc-1920"/><ref name="zc-1920"/><ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/> It resulted in the end of N.G.G. Combinatie, and was the first civil air disaster in the Netherlands.<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013"/>

===KLM Royal Dutch Airlines===
[[KLM]] Royal Dutch Airlines was founded on 7 October 1919, and its first scheduled commercial flight, between [[Croydon Airport]] and Amsterdam, took place on 17 May 1920.<ref name="Humbeek-2020"/>{{efn|This flight, with the [[Airco DH.16]] registered as G-EALU and leased from the British [[Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited]], was flown by British pilot Henry "Jerry" Shaw.<ref name="Humbeek-2020"/>}} On 1 March 1921, Geysendorffer and Rinse Hofstra were hired as the first Dutch pilots of KLM.<ref name="NLC-1947"/> On 14 April 1921, Geysendorffer was a passenger on the first KLM [[airmail]] flight between the Netherlands and [[Hamburg]], Germany, in preparation of future flights along the route.<ref name="AH-1921"/> The next day,<ref name="Tuttel-2003"/> Geysendorffer became the first Dutch pilot to receive an [[airline transport pilot|airline transport]] license.<ref name="NLC-1947"/>

A [[Fokker F.III]] captained by Geysendorffer, registration H-NABV,<ref name="Dekker-accidents"/> was hit by a gust of wind during landing, and ended up flipped on its back in January 1923,<ref name="Courant-1923"/> an incident that led to a construction change of the landing gear of both the H-NABV and the H-NABU, another Fokker F.III flown by KLM at the time.<ref name="Dekker-accidents"/>

[[File:Koolhoven F.K.33 - H-NADD (34195643861).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the Koolhoven F.K.33 trimotor airplane with registration H-NADD|"Dikke Dirk", the [[NVI F.K.33]] H-NADD]]
The KLM purchased its first [[trimotor]] airplane in 1925, the sole [[NVI F.K.33]] to ever be built, which would in KLM's service be registered as H-NADD and nicknamed {{lang|nl|"Dikke Dirk"|italic=yes}} ({{langx|en|Fat Dirk}}).<ref name="Noppen-2015"/> On 22 September 1925, a press conference was held including NVI director Wallaardt Sacré, KLM's [[Albert Plesman]] and the plane's designer [[Frits Koolhoven]]. During a demonstration flight with several members of press on board, one of the plane's wheels came loose and hung suspended from the plane. Pilots Geysendorffer and [[Fons Aler]] landed the plane safely and without injuries.<ref name="Maasbode-1925"/><ref name="Hc-1925"/>

On 22 January of the following year, Geysendorffer managed to reach [[Urk]] by plane to deliver post and yeast after the island had become isolated as a result of the freezing of the [[Zuiderzee]], after a failed attempt two days prior.<ref name="Maasbode-1926-1"/><ref name="Maasbode-1926-2"/> During the same year, he also captained the first KLM scheduled flight to Paris,<ref name="Vaderland-1926"/> led a group of five [[Fokker F.III]]s sold by KLM to [[Balair]] in a flight to Switzerland,<ref name="Maasbode-1926-3"/> and held, alongside [[Ivan Smirnov (aviator)|Ivan Smirnov]], a series of demonstration flights on 16 and 17 April in Hamburg, Copenhagen and Malmö with KLM's newly purchased [[Fokker F.VII]] planes as part of KLM's promotion of its upcoming scheduled flight service route, Rotterdam-Amsterdam-Hamburg-Kopenhagen-Malmö.<ref name="Avondpost-1926"/>

Geysendorffer was announced as recipient of the 1926 [[Harmon Trophy|Harmon National Trophy]] for most outstanding aviator of the Netherlands in early 1927,<ref name="Vaderland-1927"/> and the award ceremony took place in May.<ref name="NAC-1927-2"/><ref name="Maasbode-1927-1"/> Dutch newspaper {{lang|nl|Het Vaderland|italic=yes}} described Geysendorffer as "the symbol of a true airline pilot" ({{langx|nl|het symbool ... van een waren lijnpiloot}}).<ref name="Vaderland-1927"/>

===Charter flights with Van Lear Black===
[[File:Fokker F.VIIa H-NADP with KLM (7585230490).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Fokker F.VIIa with registration H-NADP|The Fokker F.VIIa H-NADP in flight]]
In early 1927, [[Van Lear Black|William Van Lear Black]] approached KLM to [[charter flight|charter]] a plane and crew.<ref name="Nl-1937"/> KLM agreed, and provided him with a [[Fokker F.VII]]a<ref name="NAC-1927-1"/> and a crew consisting of captain Geysendorffer, co-pilot J.B. Scholte and flight engineer K.A.O. Weber.<ref name="Nl-1937"/> From 1 March 1927 onwards, a series of flights between various European cities occurred. By 20 April, around 13,000&nbsp;km had been flown,<ref name="NAC-1927-1"/> and by 13 June this had increased to 22,000&nbsp;km.<ref name="Lk-1927"/>

In May 1927, Van Lear Black made plans to charter a plane for a flight from [[Amsterdam]] to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]{{efn|modern-day [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<ref name="JP-2019"/>}} and back.<ref name="Hc-1927"/> The crew would again consist of Geysendorffer, Scholte and Weber, flying the single-motor Fokker F.VIIa registered as H-NADP.<ref name="Lk-1927"/><ref name="LeidenUniversity"/><ref name="Humbeek-2020"/> The H-NADP departed from [[Schiphol]] Airport on 15 June<ref name="Maasbode-1927-2"/> and arrived in Batavia on 30 June.<ref name="Honings-2022"/> The return flight left the Dutch East Indies on 6 July<ref name="NHA"/> and arrived in the Netherlands on 23 July.<ref name="NAC-1927-3"/>

It was the second ever flight between the Netherlands and the [[Dutch East Indies]],<ref name="LeidenUniversity"/> and the flight would score a number of firsts: first intercontinental charter flight;<ref name="Wunderink-2019"/> first passenger flight between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies;<ref name="Lk-1927"/> first two-way flight between the two;{{efn|the sole preceding flight, the 1924 H-NACC Amsterdam-Batavia testflight, had made its return to the Netherlands by ship<ref name="Dekker-Indiëvluchten"/>}}<ref name="Waarheid-1947"/> and, as a result of a landing at the Balestier plain on 29 June,<ref name="Cornelius"/> first paying aerial passenger to [[Singapore]].<ref name="CAAS"/>

Van Lear Black's trip to Batavia and back was well-publicized,<ref name="Honings-2022"/> and thousands of people came to Schiphol to witness the H-NADP's return to Amsterdam.<ref name="NAC-1927-3"/> At the official reception held upon the plane's arrival, Van Lear Black and the three crew members all were knighted in the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] and received Silver Medals of the City of Amsterdam.<ref name="NAC-1927-3"/>

In early 1929, Geysendorffer left KLM for the private employ of Van Lear Black.<ref name="OSc-1929"/> After Van Lear Black's death in 1930,<ref name="NLC-1947"/> Geysendorffer rejoined KLM in 1931.<ref name="Waarheid-1947"/>

===MacRobertson Air Race===
[[File:Pander S-4.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the Pander S-4|The Pander S-4 after landing at Allahabad]]
{{Broader|MacRobertson Air Race}}
Together with co-pilot Dirk Lucas Asjes and radio operator Pieter Pronk, Geysendorffer took part in the 1934 MacRobertson Air Race, flying the [[Pander S-4 Postjager|Pander S-4]] with registration PH-OST,<ref name="Mijksenaar-1934"/> formerly known as ''Postjager'' but renamed ''Panderjager'' for the occasion.<ref name="Noppen-2015"/> It was the sole trimotor to take part in the race.<ref name="Mijksenaar-1934"/> At [[Allahabad]], the plane experienced problems with its retractable [[landing gear]]. As a result, the plane took significant damage during landing, including to the [[propellers]] of two of its three motors. The damage ended any chance of victory in the air race.<ref name="Mijksenaar-1934"/>

Nevertheless, on 26 October, Geysendorffer sent a [[telegram]] that the crew had managed to repair the plane and held a successful 30-minute test flight; and that they would, with landing gear down, continue their voyage that evening as they "want[ed] to reach [their] goal in spite of severe setbacks" ({{langx|nl|willen doel bereiken ondanks grooten tegenslag}}).<ref name="DvNB-1934-2"/> At 10:40pm local time, as a result of a misunderstanding,<ref name="Mijksenaar-1934"/> a motorized vehicle crossed the runway to move a beacon during the Panderjager's takeoff.<ref name="DvNB-1934-2"/><!---Sources disagree on whether this vehicle was a tractor or a car (possibly an ambulance used to replace the tractor typically used) and whether the beacon was mounted on the tractor/car, or on a cart pulled by the tractor/car; all however do agree it was a motorized vehicle moving a beacon.--> The Panderjager collided with the vehicle and caught fire, rapidly burning down. While the Panderjager's crew managed to escape the plane and sustained only minor injuries, the vehicle's driver was severely injured.<ref name="DvNB-1934-2"/><ref name="NAC-1934"/>

===1947 DC-3 Copenhagen disaster===
{{further|1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen disaster}}

In 1947, Geysendorffer was the captain of the KLM Douglas DC-3 that crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Copenhagen Airport]]. All crew and passengers on board died, including Swedish [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustaf Adolf]] and U.S. opera singer [[Grace Moore]].<ref name="NLC-1947"/> The crash was caused by loss of control on takeoff as a result of the tail fin's elevator [[gust lock]] pins not having been removed prior to the flight.<ref name="asn"/> It was, at the time of the crash, the worst aviation disaster in Danish history.<ref name="asn"/> At the time of his death, Geysendorffer was the oldest pilot in KLM's employ and had accumulated over 25000 [[flight hours]].<ref name="NLC-1947"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="dc-1920">{{cite news |title=Ernstig Vliegongeluk |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB08:000072784:mpeg21:p002 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Delftsche courant |date=23 June 1920 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="zc-1920">{{cite news |title=Noodlottig vliegongeluk |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMRAZ02:000409145:mpeg21:p00002 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Zutphensche courant |date=23 June 1920 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="AH-1921">{{cite news |title=Met de luchtpost naar Hamburg en terug |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010654827:mpeg21:p010 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Algemeen Handelsblad |date=16 April 1921 |page=10 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Courant-1923">{{cite news |title=Een Fokker F3 "Upside Down" |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000954027:mpeg21:a00090 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De courant |date=1 February 1923 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Maasbode-1925">{{cite news |title=De Koolhoven Proefvlucht {{!}} Een wiel afgeloopen |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000194026:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Maasbode |date=22 September 1925 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Hc-1925">{{cite news |title=Het Koolhoven drie-motoren toestel |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000144120:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Haagsche courant |date=23 September 1925 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Maasbode-1926-1">{{cite news |title=Urk geïsoleerd |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000193681:mpeg21:a0015 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Maasbode |date=19 January 1926 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Maasbode-1926-2">{{cite news |title=Urk per vliegtuig bereikt |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000193698:mpeg21:a0017 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Maasbode |date=23 January 1926 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Vaderland-1926">{{cite news |title=G. J. Geysendorffer |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010010254:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Het Vaderland |date=9 April 1926 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Maasbode-1926-3">{{cite news |title=Fokkervliegtuigen naar Zwitserland |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000195180:mpeg21:p002 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Maasbode |date=10 April 1926 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Avondpost-1926">{{cite news |title=Zomerdienst van de K.L.M. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB27:017902084:mpeg21:p00005 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De avondpost |date=16 April 1926 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="courant-1926">{{cite news |title=Moderne Romantiek |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB15:000603144:mpeg21:p00008 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De courant |date=17 Dec 1926}}</ref>
<ref name="Vaderland-1927">{{cite news |title=Onderscheidingen voor Geysendorffer en kap. Versteegh |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010010746:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Het Vaderland |date=23 January 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="NAC-1927-1">{{cite news |title=Met de K.L.M. naar Rome en terug |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMCODA01:000154572:mpeg21:p002 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Nieuwe Apeldoornsche Courant |date=20 April 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Hc-1927">{{cite news |title=Per vliegtuig heen en weer naar Batavia |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000145268:mpeg21:p013 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Haagsche courant |date=17 May 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="NAC-1927-2">{{cite news |title=Huldiging Geysendorffer |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMCODA01:000154601:mpeg21:p007 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Nieuwe Apeldoornsche Courant |date=24 May 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Maasbode-1927-1">{{cite news |title=Image caption, central top row|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000196298:mpeg21:p004 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Maasbode Ochtendblad |date=29 May 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Lk-1927">{{cite news |title=De eerste passagiersvlucht naar Indië en terug |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBDDD02:000197332:mpeg21:a0006 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Limburgse koerier |date=13 June 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Maasbode-1927-2">{{cite news |title=De eerste passagiersvlucht naar Nederl. Indië |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000196342:mpeg21:a0087 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Maasbode |date=15 June 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="NAC-1927-3">{{cite news |title=De aankomst van de Fokker FVII op Schiphol |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMCODA01:000154634:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Nieuwe Apeldoornse courant |date=25 July 1927 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="OSc-1929">{{cite news |title=Van Lear Black en de K.L.M. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMGASL01:000394053:mpeg21:a00036 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Opregte Steenwijker courant |date=19 January 1929}}</ref>
<ref name="AH-1934">{{cite news |title=Geysendorfer vloog niet te laag |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010663156:mpeg21:p005 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Algemeen Handelsblad |date=21 December 1934 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="DvNB-1934-1">{{cite news |title=De pech met den Panderjager |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001975096:mpeg21:p00009 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Dagblad van Noord-Brabant |date=22 October 1934 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="DvNB-1934-2">{{cite news |title=De Panderjager te Allahabad verbrand |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001975101:mpeg21:p00001 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Dagblad van Noord-Brabant |date=27 October 1934 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="NAC-1934">{{cite news |title=Panderjager in vlammen opgegaan |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMCODA01:000157387:mpeg21:a0001 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Nieuwe Apeldoornsche Courant |date=27 October 1934 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Mijksenaar-1934">{{cite book |last1=Mijksenaar |first1=P.J. |title="Wij" in de Melbourne-race |date=1934 |publisher=Blitz |pages=44, 48–49, 81–82, 93–94 |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB18:000171000 |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Nl-1937">{{cite book |last1=Van Limburg Stirum |first1=L.C.|title=Nederlandsche luchtvaarders |date=1937 |publisher=Bruna |pages=111–112, 194–197 |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB06:000004648 |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Brugmans-1938">{{cite book |last1=Brugmans |first1=H. |last2=Japikse |first2=N. |last3=van den Aardweg |first3=H.P. |title=Persoonlijkheden in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in woord en beeld |date=1938 |publisher=Van Holkema & Warendorf |page=526 |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB24:062646000:00548 |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="NLC-1947">{{cite news |title=Wie de mannen der K.L.M. waren, die vielen |url=https://leiden.courant.nu/issue/NLC/1947-01-27/edition/0/page/3 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Nieuwe Leidsche Courant |date=27 January 1947 |page=3 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Waarheid-1947">{{cite news |title="Geys", oudste piloot der K.L.M. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010852247:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=De Waarheid |date=27 January 1947 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Langerveld-1988">{{cite book |last1=Langerveld |first1=Tj. |title=Vliegen in weer en wind |date=1988 |publisher=KNMI |page=9 |url=https://cdn.knmi.nl/knmi/pdf/bibliotheek/knmipubmetnummer/knmipub172.pdf |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Tuttel-2003">{{cite journal |last1=Tuttel |first1=Jan |title=Hoe de Rijksluchtvaartschool ontstond en op Eelde terechtkwam |journal=Kontakt |date=June 2003 |url=http://tuttel.com/vliegwerk/rls_op_Eelde.htm |publisher=Historische Vereniging Ol Eel |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Gerdessen-Hazewinkel-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Gerdessen |first1=Frits |last2=Hazewinkel |first2=Harm J. |title='Nooit Geen Geluk' - De geschiedenis van de N.G.G. Combinatie en wachtmeester Need |journal=Luchtvaartkennis |date=2013 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=29–31 |url=https://issuu.com/knvvl/docs/luchtvaartkennis_web_2013-01/28 |access-date=21 April 2023 |trans-title='Nooit Geen Geluk' - The history of N.G.G. Combinatie and sergeant Need |publisher=KNVvL |issn=1381-9100 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Noppen-2015">{{cite book |last1=Noppen |first1=Ryan |title=Blue Skies, Orange Wings |date=7 April 2015 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4870-3 |pages=65–66, 114, 148–151, 159–161, 174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvMxDwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Wunderink-2019">{{cite book |last1=Wunderink |first1=Ron |title=Met KLM de wereld rond: Een eeuw Flying Dutchman |date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Uitgeverij Balans |isbn=978-94-6003-966-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e--JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP44 |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Humbeek-2020">{{cite news |last1=Humbeek |first1=Frans Van |title=De eeuweling KLM viert de toekomst |url=https://www.hangarflying.eu/2020/03/de-eeuweling-klm-viert-de-toekomst/ |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Hangar Flying |date=14 March 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Honings-2022">{{cite book |last1=Honings |first1=Rick |title=Travelling the Dutch East Indies: Historical Perspectives and Literary Representations |date=14 December 2022 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |isbn=978-94-6455-045-0 |pages=90–91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fu6hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Dekker-accidents">{{cite web |last1=Dekker |first1=Herman |title=Ongevallen/incidenten 1923 |url=https://www.hdekker.info/Nieuwe%20map/1923.htm#22.01.1923 |website=Luchtvaartarchief Herman Dekker |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
<ref name="Dekker-Indiëvluchten">{{cite web |last1=Dekker |first1=Herman |title=Indiëvluchten |url=http://www.hdekker.info/DIVERSEN/INDIEVLUCHTEN.htm |website=Luchtvaartarchief Herman Dekker |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="asn">{{Cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19470126-0 |title=Douglas DC-3C (C-47A-30-DK) PH-TCR Kobenhavn-Kastrup Airport |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="LeidenUniversity">{{cite web |title=KITLV A1305 - Piloot G.J. Geyssendorffer (midden), tweede bestuurder J.B. Scholte en werktuigkundige K.A.O. Weber, tijdens de tweede luchtreis van Nederland naar Indië, voor hun Fokker FVIIA te Bandoeng |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:901493 |publisher=Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections |hdl=1887.1/item:901493 |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="NHA">{{cite web |title=Beeldbank |url=https://hdl.handle.net/21.12102/18A92976928411E096FDCA59A89CCC2A |website=Noord-Hollands Archief |hdl=21.12102/18A92976928411E096FDCA59A89CCC2A |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Cornelius">{{cite web |last1=Cornelius |first1=Vernon |title=Arrival of first paying passenger in Singapore by air {{!}} Infopedia |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_137_2005-02-02.html |website=Singapore Infopedia |publisher=Government of Singapore |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="CAAS">{{cite web |title=History & Milestones |url=https://www.caas.gov.sg/who-we-are/our-organisation/history-milestones |website=Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore |publisher=Government of Singapore |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Maas-Schwalm-Nette">{{Cite web |title=Naturschutzgebiete |url=http://www.naturpark-msn.de/Naturpark-erleben/Naturschutzgebiete/Naturschutzgebiete.html |website=Naturpark Maas-Schwalm-Nette |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="JP-2019">{{Cite news |title=The capital's 'childhood' names |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Jakarta Post |date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Dutch aviators]]
[[Category:Dutch military aviators]]
[[Category:Aviation pioneers]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]