View source for Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin

{{Short description|French balloonist and parachutist (1775–1847)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Monsieur and Madame Garnerin, by Christoph Haller von Hallerstein, (1771 - 1839).jpg|thumb|Monsieur and Madame Garnerin ({{ill|Christoph Haller von Hallerstein|de}}, {{c.|1803}})]]
[[File:Ascension de Madame Garnerin, le 28 mars 1802 v2 Lib of Congress.jpg|thumb|Spectators watching Garnerin ascend in a balloon on 28 March 1802. Artwork published in the 1870s in a historical Parisian fashion magazine.]]
[[File:First parachute2.jpg|thumb|right|Schematic depiction of Garnerin's first parachute used in the [[Parc Monceau]] descent of 22 October 1797. Illustration dates from the early nineteenth century.]]
[[File:Early flight 02561u (4).jpg|thumb|right|Jacques Garnerin releases his balloon and descends with the help of a parachute, 1797. Illustration from the late 19th century.]]

'''Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin''' ({{née|'''Labrosse'''}}; 7 March 1775 – 14 June 1847)<ref name="Duhem">{{cite book|first=Jules |last=Duhem|title=Histoire des idées aéronautiques avant Montgolfier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SqV0wAYP0C&pg=PA263|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1943|publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines|page=263|language=French|editor-first=Fernand |editor-last=Sorlot}}</ref> was a French balloonist and parachutist. She was the first to ascend solo and the first woman to make a parachute descent (in the gondola), from an altitude of {{convert|900|m|ft}} on 12 October 1799.

Labrosse first flew on 10 November 1798, one of the earliest women to fly in a balloon.<ref group="Note">On 20 May 1784, the Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde, flew in a tethered balloon in Paris. On 4 June 1784, in Lyon [[Élisabeth Thible]] was the first woman to fly in an untethered balloon. On 8 July 1798, [[Citoyenne Henri]] was the first woman balloonist to accompany André-Jacques Garnerin. His early publicity suggests that he may have brought other women along in the four months before bringing Labrosse on 10 November.</ref> She was the wife of [[André-Jacques Garnerin]], a hydrogen balloonist and inventor of the frameless [[parachute]].

==Biography==
Jeanne Labrosse was amongst the crowd watching André-Jacques Garnerin's first hydrogen balloon flight and parachute descent at [[Parc Monceau]], [[Paris]] on 22 October 1797. She made his acquaintance, became his pupil, and flew with him on 10 November 1798 at Parc Monceau. She is sometimes described as the first woman in the world to fly in a balloon,<ref>{{cite book|last= Darnall|first=Diane Thomas|title=The challengers: a century of ballooning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYwgAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1989|publisher=Hunter Pub. Co.|isbn=9780318669304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Donald Dale |title=The Aeronauts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbC__EzgXKcC|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1980|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-8094-3268-4}}</ref> but [[Élisabeth Thible]] made a free flight in 1784 and [[Citoyenne Henri]] flew with Garnerin on 8 July 1798, four months earlier.<ref group="Note">Some internet sources conflate the flights of 8 July and 10 November 1798, by Miss Henri and Miss Jeanne Labrosse, and derive the modernist myth of the first all-female ascent.</ref>

On 12 October 1799, Labrosse ascended in a gondola with a balloon before detaching the balloon and descending in the gondola by parachute from an altitude of 900 meters. In doing so, she became the first woman to parachute.<ref>{{cite book |title=Folies, tivolis et attractions: les premiers parcs de loisirs parisiens |author=Gilles-Antoine Langlois |year=1991 |lang=fr |publisher=Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris |page=144 |isbn=9782905118356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ8kAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> She went on to complete many ascents and parachute descents in towns across France and Europe.<ref name="Duhem"/>

===Patent for parachute===
On 11 October 1802, she filed a patent application on behalf of her husband for:
"''a device called a parachute, intended to slow the fall of the basket after the balloon bursts. Its vital organs are a cap of cloth supporting the basket and a circle of wood beneath and outside of the parachute and used to hold it open while climbing: it must perform its task at the moment of separation from the balloon, by maintaining a column of air.''"<ref group="Note">The patent application of Madam Garnerin ''un appareil dit parachute, destiné à ralentir la chute de la nacelle d'un ballon après l'explosion de celui-ci. Ses organes essentiels sont une calotte d'étoffe supportant la nacelle et un cercle de bois qui se trouve en dessous et à l'extérieur du parachute et servant à le tenir un peu ouvert lors de l'ascension : il doit faciliter son développement au moment de la séparation avec le ballon, en y maintenant une colonne d'air.'' Brevet n° 195, déposé le 11 octobre 1802</ref><ref>[http://www.techno-science.net/?onglet=glossaire&definition=11940 Techno science&nbsp;– profile of André-Jacques Garnerin]</ref><ref>[http://60ans.inpi.fr/le-parachute-d%E2%80%99Andre-jacques-garnerin-1802/ Institut National de la Propriété Industriel&nbsp;–  60 years. Le Parachute de Garnerin (1802)] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130213121424/http://60ans.inpi.fr/le-parachute-d%E2%80%99Andre-jacques-garnerin-1802/ |date=13 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Touring England==
André-Jacques Garnerin held the position of Official Aeronaut of France and was unofficially known as the ''aérostatier des fêtes publiques'',<ref>[http://aerostation.free.fr/ffa/histo_00.shtml Historique sur l'Aérostation : jusqu'à 1800]</ref> so the couple visited England in 1802 during the [[Peace of Amiens]]. They completed a number of demonstration flights, including his first flight ascending from the Volunteer Ground in North Audley Street, [[Grosvenor Square]], and a parachute descent to a field near [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]].<ref name="HisToday">[http://www.historytoday.com/john-lucas/monsieur-garnerin-drops History Today Volume: 52 Issue: 9  2002 &nbsp;– Monsieur Garnerin Drops In by John Lucas]</ref> This gave rise to the popular English doggerel:

{{Poem quote|Bold Garnerin went up
Which increased his Repute
And came safe to earth
In his Grand Parachute.<ref>[http://www.printsgeorge.com/ArtEccles_Aeronauts5.htm Flights of Fancy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101014911/http://www.printsgeorge.com/ArtEccles_Aeronauts5.htm |date=1 January 2006 }}</ref>}}

Jeanne Garnerin accompanied him on his third flight over London. One of her parachute descents was estimated at 8,000 feet (2,438 m). When the war between France and Great Britain resumed in 1803, the couple were forced to leave England and return to France, where she continued to make flights and descents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://halifaxtalk.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=12618&view=previous&sid=f1e51da5844f2de868bc3c3ee28d21be |title=Halifax talk – Women with Wings, 6 |access-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133915/http://halifaxtalk.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=12618&view=previous&sid=f1e51da5844f2de868bc3c3ee28d21be |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sparta Chutes">[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/AVparachute.htm Spartacus&nbsp;– History of Flight&nbsp;– Parachutes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608114044/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/AVparachute.htm |date=8 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Family life==
Garnerin's husband died in 1823. Garnerin later met French heroine [[Marie-Thérèse Figueur]], ''Madame Sans-Gêne'', who had fought in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]], with whom she reportedly opened a [[table d'hôte]] restaurant.<ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k46833d Gallica, National Library of France.&nbsp;– Les Campagnes de Mademoiselle Thérèse Figueur by Figueur, 1842, St-Germain-Leduc, sous la dictée de Thérèse Figueur.]</ref>

Garnerin's niece, [[Élisa Garnerin|Élisa]] (Elizabeth) who was born in 1791,<ref name="Elisa1">[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/225565/view Science Photo Library&nbsp;– Elisa Garnerin]</ref> learned to fly balloons at age 15 and made 39 professional parachute descents from 1815 to 1836 in Italy, Spain, Russia, Germany, and France.<ref name="Duhem"/><ref>Aeronautics and Space Flight Collections by Catherine Scott, 1985</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.makeithappen.com/wis/bios/garnerine.html |title=Women in sports – Elisa Garnerin |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502064212/http://makeithappen.com/wis/bios/garnerine.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref group="Note">Elizabeth Garnerin was especially popular in Italy, where she was hailed as the "Prima Aeroporista" (or First Parachutist) of France when she made her twenty-second and twenty-third descents in Milan (5 March and 5 April 1824). The crowds were delighted when she waved both French and Italian{{fact|date=October 2023}} flags from the basket.</ref>

==Commemoration==
On 17 October 2006, the ''rue Jeanne Garnerin'' in [[Wissous]], France was named in her honour.<ref>[http://pmwissous.wifeo.com/documents/Gazette-novembre.pdf Wissous Gazette, November 2006, rue Jeanne Garnerin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193050/http://pmwissous.wifeo.com/documents/Gazette-novembre.pdf |date=2 January 2014 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Citoyenne Henri]]&nbsp;– the first woman who accompanied André-Jacques Garnerin on a trip by balloon on 8 July 1798 from the Parc Monceau in Paris.
* [[Louis-Sébastien Lenormand]]&nbsp;– inventor and pioneer in parachuting.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Labrosse, Jeanne Genevieve}}
[[Category:French aviation pioneers]]
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:French skydivers]]
[[Category:French stunt performers]]
[[Category:French balloonists]]
[[Category:Women balloonists]]
[[Category:French women aviators]]
[[Category:History of parachuting]]
[[Category:Women aviation pioneers]]