View source for The Sound Barrier

{{About|the 1952 film|other uses of the term "sound barrier"|Sound barrier (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = The Sound Barrier
| image          = Soundbarrier.jpg
| caption        = [[Film poster|U.S. theatrical release poster]]
| director       = [[David Lean]]
| writer         = [[Terence Rattigan]]
| starring       = [[Ralph Richardson]]<br />[[Ann Todd]]<br />[[Nigel Patrick]]<br />[[John Justin]]<br />[[Denholm Elliott]]
| producer       = [[David Lean]]
| music          = [[Malcolm Arnold]]
| cinematography = [[Jack Hildyard]]
| editing        = [[Geoffrey Foot (film editor)|Geoffrey Foot]]
| color_process  = [[Black and white]]
| studio         = [[London Films|London Film Productions]]
| distributor    = [[British Lion Films]]
| released       = {{film date|df=y|1952|7|22|United Kingdom|}}{{film date|df=yes|1952|11|6|New York City|1952|12|21|United States}}
| runtime        = 117 minutes
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English
| budget         =£250,000<ref name="korda">Kulik 1990, p. 316.</ref>
| gross = £227,978 (UK)<ref>Porter 2000, p. 498.</ref>
}}

'''''The Sound Barrier'''''  is a 1952 British aviation [[drama film]] directed by [[David Lean]]. It is a fictional story about attempts by aircraft designers and [[test pilot]]s to break the [[sound barrier]]. It was David Lean's third and final film with his wife [[Ann Todd]] but it was his first for [[Alexander Korda]]'s [[London Films]], following the break-up of [[Cineguild]]. ''The Sound Barrier'' stars [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Ann Todd]], [[John Justin]] and [[Nigel Patrick]]. It was known in the United States as '''''Breaking Through the Sound Barrier''''' and '''''Breaking the Sound Barrier'''''.

''The Sound Barrier'' was a box-office success on first release but it has become one of the least-known of Lean's films. Following on ''[[In Which We Serve]]'' (1942), the film is another of Lean's ventures into a genre of film making where impressions of [[documentary film]] are created.<ref>Pratley 1974, p. 106.</ref>
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==Plot==
After his aircraft company's groundbreaking work on jet engine technology in the [[Second World War]], John Ridgefield, its wealthy owner, employs [[test pilot]] Tony Garthwaite, a successful wartime fighter pilot, to fly new jet-powered aircraft. Garthwaite is hired by Ridgefield after marrying Ridgefield's daughter, Susan. Tensions between father and daughter are accentuated by Garthwaite's dangerous job of test flying. In a noteworthy illustration of the new technology, Susan accompanies Garthwaite on a [[Ferry flying|ferrying]] assignment of a two-seater [[de Havilland Vampire]] to [[Cairo]], Egypt, returning later the same day as passengers on a [[de Havilland Comet]].

Ridgefield's plan for his new jet fighter, "Prometheus", has placed the company in jeopardy.{{#tag:ref|Drawing on ancient mythology, Ridgefield notes that Prometheus "stole fire from the gods".|group=Note}} The problems faced by the new [[jet aircraft]] in exceeding the [[speed of sound]], the so-called "sound barrier", are ever present. Trying to break the sound barrier, Garthwaite crashes and is killed.

Shocked at the death of her husband and at her father's apparently single-minded and heartless approach to the dangers his test pilots face, Susan walks out on her father and goes to live with friends Jess and Philip Peel, another company test pilot. Ridgefield later engages Peel to take on the challenge of piloting "Prometheus" at speeds approaching the speed of sound. In a crucial flight and at the critical moment, Peel performs a [[counterintuitive]] action (foreshadowed in the opening scene of the film) which enables him to maintain control of the aircraft and to break the sound barrier. Eventually accepting that her father did care about those who died in tests, Susan changes her plan of moving to London and takes her young son with her back to live with Sir John.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Ralph Richardson]] as John Ridgefield
* [[Ann Todd]] as Susan Garthwaite
* [[Nigel Patrick]] as Tony Garthwaite
* [[John Justin]] as Philip Peel
* [[Dinah Sheridan]] as Jess Peel
* [[Joseph Tomelty]] as Will Sparks
* [[Denholm Elliott]] as Christopher Ridgefield
* [[Jack Allen (actor)|Jack Allen]] as 'Windy' Williams
* [[Ralph Michael]] as Fletcher
* [[Sally-Jane Spencer]] as Daughter of Philip (uncredited)
* Rodney Goodall as Little Boy (uncredited)
* [[Donald Harron]] as [[Air Transport Auxiliary|ATA]] officer (uncredited)
* [[Vincent Holman]] as Factor (uncredited)
* Jolyon Jackley as Baby (uncredited)
* [[Douglas Muir (actor)|Douglas Muir]] as Controller (uncredited)
* [[Leslie Phillips]] as Controller (uncredited)
* Anthony Snell as Peter Makepeace (uncredited)
* Robert Brooks Turner as Test Bed Operator (uncredited)
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The strong relationship to aviation history in ''The Sound Barrier'' has led to its being characterised as a "semi-documentary".<ref>Paris 1995, pp. 173–174.</ref> The film pays tribute to the British effort in the historic advance in aviation of the development and final perfecting of the [[jet engine]] by [[Frank Whittle]] and [[Power Jets|Power Jets Ltd]] and others following.<ref>Pendo 1985, p. 137.</ref><ref>Hardwick and Schnepf 1989, p. 69.</ref>

David Lean had begun to gather research based on media reports of jet aircraft approaching supersonic speeds, interviewing British aeronautic designers. He even managed to fly with test pilots as he produced a 300-page notebook that he turned over to dramatist [[Terence Rattigan]].<ref>Pendo 1985, pp. 133, 135.</ref> The subsequent screenplay concentrated on the problems of flying at supersonic speeds and is also loosely based on the story of aircraft designer [[Geoffrey de Havilland]] and the loss of his son. [[Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr.]] was the [[de Havilland]] company test pilot who was killed on 27 September 1946 attempting to fly faster than the speed of sound in the [[de Havilland DH 108|DH 108]].<ref>Davenport-Hines, Richard. "Havilland, Sir Geoffrey de (1882–1965)". ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref><ref>de Havilland 1999, pp. 169–170.</ref>

[[Kenneth More]] tested for the role of Tony. He says the part was offered to [[David Niven]], with whom More was making ''Appointment with Venus''                                             but Niven turned it down. The role went to Nigel Patrick, who was more strongly established than More.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth|last=More|title=Happy Go Lucky|year=1959|url=https://archive.org/details/happygolucky0000kenn/page/115/mode/1up|page=117-119}}</ref>

[[John Derry]], another de Havilland test pilot, has been called "Britain's first supersonic pilot", because of a dive he made on 6 September 1948 in a DH 108.<ref>Rivas, Brian, and Bullen, Annie (1982), ''John Derry: The Story of Britain's First Supersonic Pilot'', William Kimber, {{ISBN|0-7183-0099-8}} .</ref> Contrary to what is depicted in the film, the first aircraft to break the sound barrier was the [[rocket-powered aircraft|rocket-powered]] [[Bell X-1]] flown by [[Chuck Yeager]] of the [[United States Air Force]] in 1947. His feat was portrayed in the 1983 film ''[[The Right Stuff (film)|The Right Stuff]]''. As Yeager, who was present at the US premiere, described in his first biography, ''The Sound Barrier'' was entertaining, but not that realistic – and any pilot who attempted to break the sound barrier in the manner portrayed in the film (forcing the [[centre stick]] forward to pull out of a dive) would have been killed.<ref>Carlson 2012, p. 212.</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Control reversal]], though applying in this context, is not a legitimate aerodynamic technique, it is caused by insufficient [[tailplane]] stiffness, the [[elevators]] acting as though they were [[trim tab]]s twisting the tailplane to produce an [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] effect opposite to that intended.<ref>Yeager et al. 1997, p. 97.</ref>|group=Note}} Because the 1947 Bell X-1 flight had not been widely publicised, many who saw ''The Sound Barrier'' thought it was a true story                                                                                                                                                                          and that the first supersonic flight was made by a British pilot.<ref name="yeagerbio_206-207">Yeager and Janos 1986, pp. 206–207.</ref><ref>Brown 2008, p. 212.</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2412barrier.html "Faster Than Sound" (transcript).] ''PBS'', Airdate: 14 October 1997. Retrieved: 28 April 2015.</ref>

Studio filming was completed at [[Shepperton Studios]], but the flying sequences were filmed at [[RAF Chilbolton|Chilbolton Aerodrome]], Nether Wallop, Hampshire, under the direction of [[Anthony Squire]]. A [[Vickers Valetta]] and [[Avro Lancaster]] bomber served as camera platforms for the aerial sequences.{{#tag:ref|The film crew had a near-tragic episode on the Lancaster bomber as they suffered from [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] when their oxygen system failed.<ref>Carlson 2012, pp. 211–212.</ref>|group=Note}} With the assistance of the [[Society of British Aerospace Companies|British Aircraft Constructors Association]], aircraft featured in ''The Sound Barrier'' were loaned by [[Vickers]], [[de Havilland]] and other British aerospace companies.<ref name="Pendo p. 135">Pendo 1985, p. 135.</ref> Footage of early 1950s British jet technology used in the film includes scenes of the [[de Havilland Comet]], the world's first jet passenger airliner, the [[Supermarine Attacker]] and the [[de Havilland Vampire]].<ref>Davies and Birtles 1999, p. 15.</ref> A [[Supermarine 535]] prototype for the later Swift (''VV119'') featured as the experimental ''Prometheus'' jet fighter. Not unlike its screen persona, the Swift was an aircraft design that underwent particularly difficult teething problems during development.<ref>Winchester 2005, pp. 312–313.</ref>{{#tag:ref|A list of the aircraft appearing in the film follows the [[opening credits]].<ref>Hamilton-Paterson [https://books.google.com/books?id=bGRdLl9PynIC&pg=PA46 2010, p. 46.]</ref>|group=Note}}

[[Malcolm Arnold]] (later knighted) composed the music score, for this, the first of his three films for David Lean.<ref>[http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/work/7040 "Malcolm Arnold."] ''Music Sales Classical'', 2014. Retrieved: 30 April 2015.</ref> The others were ''[[Hobson's Choice (1954 film)|Hobson's Choice]]'' (1954) and ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' (1957).<ref>[https://www.chandos.net/details06.asp?CNumber=CHAN%209100 "The Film Music of Sir Malcolm Arnold, Vol. 1."] ''chandos.net''. Retrieved: 30 April 2015.</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical===
''The Sound Barrier'', in its American title as ''Breaking the Sound Barrier,'' was reviewed by [[Bosley Crowther]] in ''[[The New York Times]]''. According to Crowther, "this picture, which was directed and produced in England by David Lean from an uncommonly literate and sensitive original script by Terence Rattigan, is a wonderfully beautiful and thrilling comprehension of the power of jet airplanes and of the minds and emotions of the people who are involved with these miraculous machines. And it is played with consummate revelation of subtle and profound characters by a cast headed by Ralph Richardson, Nigel Patrick, and Ann Todd".<ref>Crowther, Bosely. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9802E2DB103AE23BBC4F53DFB7678389649EDE "Breaking the Sound Barrier (1952); The Screen: A quality British import; ' Breaking Through the Sound Barrier,' based on Rattigan story, at the Victoria; Ralph Richardson, Ann Todd and Nigel Patrick head cast of film on jet airplanes."] ''The New York Times'', 7 November 1952.</ref>

Film historian Stephen Pendo further described the "brilliant aerial photography. ... Along with the conventional shot of the aircraft there is some unusual creative camera work. To illustrate the passage of a plane, Lean shows only the wheat in a field being bent by air currents produced by the unseen jet. ... Even the cockpit shots are very good, with the test pilots in G-suits and goggles framed by the plexiglass and sky backgrounds."<ref name="Pendo p. 135"/>

===Box office===
''The Sound Barrier'' was the 12th most popular movie at the British box office in 1952 and also did well in the United States, making a comfortable profit.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18504988 "Comedian tops film poll."] ''[[Sunday Herald (Australia)|Sunday Herald]]'', p. 4 via National Library of Australia, 28 December 1952. Retrieved: 24 April 2012.</ref><ref name="korda"/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/Screen_Volume_32_Issue_3/page/n17|magazine=Screen|page=259|volume=32|issue=3|title=The popular cash and culture in the postwar British cinema industry|first=Janet|last=Thumim}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[25th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Story and Screenplay]]
| [[Terence Rattigan]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1953 |title=The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners |access-date=August 20, 2011 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706093830/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/25th-winners.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound Recording]]
| [[London Films|London Films Sound Department]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[6th British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from any Source]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bafta.org/awards/search?search=The+Sound+Barrier |title=The Sound Barrier |publisher=[[British Academy Film Awards]] |access-date=December 16, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2"| [[BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film|Best British Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best British Actor]]
| [[Nigel Patrick]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Ralph Richardson]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best British Actress]]
| [[Ann Todd]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[National Board of Review Awards 1952|National Board of Review Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[National Board of Review: Top Five International Films|Top Foreign Films]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1952/ |title=1952 Award Winners |publisher=[[National Board of Review]] |access-date=December 16, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2"| [[National Board of Review Award for Best International Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[David Lean]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Ralph Richardson
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[1952 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nyfcc.com/awards/?awardyear=1952 |title=1952 New York Film Critics Circle Awards |publisher=[[New York Film Critics Circle]] |access-date=December 16, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| David Lean
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Ralph Richardson
| {{won}}
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Eric "Winkle" Brown|Brown, Eric]]. ''The Miles M.52: Gateway to Supersonic Flight''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-7524-7014-6}}.
* [[Eric "Winkle" Brown|Brown, Eric]]. ''Wings on my Sleeve''.  London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-297-84565-2}}.
* Carlson, Mark. ''Flying on Film: A Century of Aviation in the Movies, 1912–2012''. Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-59393-219-0}}.
* Davies, R.E.G. and Philip J. Birtles. ''Comet: The World's First Jet Airliner''. McLean, Virginia: Paladwr Press, 1999. {{ISBN|1-888962-14-3}}.
* de Havilland, Geoffrey. ''Sky Fever: The Autobiography of Sir Geoffrey De Havilland''. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press Ltd., 1999. {{ISBN|1-84037-148-X}}.
* Hamilton-Paterson, James. ''Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World''. London: Faber & Faber, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-5712-4795-0}}.
* Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies." ''The Making of the Great Aviation Films''. General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
* Kulik, Karol. ''Alexander Korda: The Man Who Could Work Miracles''. London: Virgin, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-86369-446-2}}.
* Paris, Michael. ''From the Wright Brothers to Top gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema''. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-4074-0}}.
* Pendo, Stephen. ''Aviation in the Cinema''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8-1081-746-2}}.
* Porter, Vincent. "The Robert Clark Account." ''Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television'', Vol. 20 No. 4, 2000.
* [[Gerald Pratley|Pratley, Gerald]]. ''The Cinema of David Lean''. Aurora, Colorado: Oak Tree Publications, !974. {{ISBN|978-0-4980-1050-7}}.
* Winchester, Jim. ''The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters''. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. {{ISBN|1-904687-34-2}}.
* Wood, Derek. ''Project Cancelled''. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc., 1975. {{ISBN|0-672-52166-0}}.
* Yeager, Chuck, Bob Cardenas, Bob Hoover, Jack Russell and James Young. ''The Quest for Mach One: A First-Person Account of Breaking the Sound Barrier''. New York: Penguin Studio, 1997. {{ISBN|0-670-87460-4}}.
* Yeager, Chuck and Leo Janos. ''Yeager: An Autobiography''. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-553-25674-2}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0044446}}
* {{tcmdb title|69629}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''The Sound Barrier''
|list =
{{BAFTA Best Film}}
{{BAFTA Best British Film}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}
}}
{{Terence Rattigan}}
{{David Lean}}
{{Alexander Korda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sound Barrier, The}}
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:British aviation films]]
[[Category:British black-and-white films]]
[[Category:British Lion Films films]]
[[Category:Films about test pilots]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Lean]]
[[Category:Films shot at Shepperton Studios]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Terence Rattigan]]
[[Category:Best Film BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Best British Film BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Films scored by Malcolm Arnold]]
[[Category:London Films films]]
[[Category:1950s English-language films]]
[[Category:1950s British films]]