View source for Women in aviation

{{Short description|Role of women aviators in history}}
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[[File:Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot 080317-F-XX000-064.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Shawna Kimbrell]], the [[United States Air Force]]'s first African American female [[fighter pilot]]|alt=The United States Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot, Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell.]]
Women have been involved in aviation from the [[Timeline of women in aviation|beginnings]] of both lighter-than air travel and as [[airplane]]s, [[helicopter]]s and space travel were developed. Women pilots were also formerly called "aviatrices" (singular "aviatrix"). Women have been flying powered aircraft since 1908; prior to 1970, however, most were restricted to working privately or in support roles in the [[aviation]] industry.{{sfn|Smithsonian Air and Space Museum|2013}} Aviation also allowed women to "travel alone on unprecedented journeys".{{sfn|Dall'Acqua|1986|p=1}} Women who have been successful in various aviation fields have served as [[Mentorship|mentors]] to younger women, helping them along in their careers.{{sfn|Olsen|2016}}

Within the first two decades of powered flight, female pilots were breaking speed, endurance and altitude records. They were competing and winning against the men in air races, and women on every continent except Antarctica had begun to fly, perform in aerial shows, parachute, and even transport passengers. During World War II, women from every continent helped with war efforts, though mostly restricted from military flight, many flew in auxiliary services. In the 1950s and 1960s, women were primarily restricted to serving in support fields such as flight simulation training, air traffic control, and as flight attendants. Since the 1970s, women have been allowed to participate in military service in most countries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Women's participation in the field of aviation has increased over the years. In 1909, [[Marie Surcouf]] founded the world's first female pilot organization, the [[Aéroclub féminin la Stella]]. Following the 1929 women-only National Air Races held in the United States, 99 of the 117 women holding U.S. pilot licenses founded the first American female pilot organization, the [[Ninety-Nines]], named for the number of founding members. By 1930, there were around 200 women pilots in the U.S., but within five years there were more than 700.{{sfn|Gant|2001|pp=11–12}} [[Women of Aviation Worldwide Week]] has reported that after 1980, the increase in gender parity among pilots in the [[United States]] has been stagnant.{{sfn|Goyer|2012}} The global percentage of women airline pilots is 3%. While the overall number of female pilots in aviation has increased, the percentage remains the same.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== History ==
[[File:Aida-1903.jpg|thumb|[[Aida de Acosta]], 1903 flying Alberto Santos-Dumont's airship N° 9]]
The first woman known to fly was [[Élisabeth Thible]], who was a passenger in an untethered [[hot air balloon]], which flew above Lyon, France in 1784.{{sfn|Jessen|2002|p=xi}}

Four years later, [[Jeanne Labrosse]] became the first woman to fly solo in a balloon and would become the first woman to parachute, as well.{{sfn|Sinclair|2012|p=179}}{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} [[Sophie Blanchard]] took her first balloon flight in 1804, was performing as a professional [[Balloon (aeronautics)|aeronaut]] by 1810 and was made [[Napoleon]]'s chief of air service in 1811.{{sfn|Holmes|2013|pp=4–6}} Blanchard died in 1819, when her balloon caught fire. Although she was able to extinguish the blaze, the basket tilted and she fell to her death.{{sfn|Walsh|1913|p=12}}

In June 1903, [[Aida de Acosta]], an American woman vacationing in Paris, convinced [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], pioneer of [[dirigible]]s, to allow her to pilot his airship, becoming probably the first woman to pilot a motorized aircraft.{{sfn|Ruiz|Korrol|2006|p=188}}

Starting 1906, another inventor of aircraft, [[E. Lilian Todd|Emma Lilian Todd]] began designing her own airplanes.{{sfn|Remington|2006}} Todd first started studying [[Airship|dirigibles]] before she moved onto designing airplanes.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1909}} Todd's first plane flew in 1910 and was piloted by [[Didier Masson]].{{sfn|Remington|2006}} Early [[parachutist]], [[Tiny Broadwick|Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick]] started working with barnstormer, [[Charles Broadwick]] at age 15 in 1908.{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=110–111}}{{sfn|Parachute History|2001}} She made her first jump in 1908, and in 1913, became the first woman to jump from an aircraft.{{sfn|Parachute History|2001}}{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=110–111}} In 1914, Broadwick gave the very first demonstrations of parachute jumping to the United States government.{{sfn|Parachute History|2001}} When she retired in 1922, she had completed 1,100 jumps.{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=110–111}}

The first woman passenger in an airplane was Mlle P. Van Pottelsberghe de la Poterie who flew with [[Henri Farman]] on several short flights at an airshow in [[Ghent, Belgium]] between May and June 1908. Soon after, in July 1908, French sculptor [[Thérèse Peltier]] was taken up as a passenger by [[Léon Delagrange]]{{sfn|Berghaus|2009|p=9}} and within a few months she was reported as making a solo flight in [[Turin]], Italy, flying around 200 meters in a straight line about two and a half meters off the ground. Edith Berg, an American, who flew as a passenger with [[Wilbur Wright]] in Paris in October 1908, was the inspiration of the [[hobble skirt]] designed by [[Paul Poiret]].{{sfn|Aldrich|2015}}{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2014|p=3}}[[File:Katharine Wright's First Time Flying.jpg|thumb|left|Wilbur and [[Katharine Wright]] seated in the Wright Model A Flyer with [[Wright brothers|Orville Wright]] standing nearby in 1909. This was Katharine's first time flying. Her skirt is tied with a string.|alt=Wilbur and Katharine Wright seated in the Wright Model A Flyer with Orville Wright standing nearby. This was Katharine's first time flying. Her skirt is tied with a string.]]

The first machine-powered flight was accomplished by the [[Wright brothers|Wright Brothers]] on December 17, 1903. Both brothers recognized the contributions of their sister [[Katharine Wright|Katherine Wright]] to their work.{{sfn|Women in Aviation International|2003}} She found teachers who could help with the Wright's flying experiments.{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}} Katherine first flew with her brothers in 1909{{sfn|Women in Aviation International|2003}} and knew "everything about the working of their machines".{{sfn|''The World Magazine''|1909}} Katherine supported them financially, giving them her savings and also supported them emotionally.{{sfn|''The Oregon Daily Journal''|1909|p=34}} When Orville Wright was injured in 1908, Katherine moved close to the hospital to take care of him.{{sfn|''Harrisburg Daily Independent''|1908|p=1}} After the Wright brothers patented their aircraft in 1906, she worked as their executive secretary.{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}} In 1909, she traveled to Europe to become the social manager for her brothers.{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}} Her brothers were very [[Extraversion and introversion|introverted]] and relied on Katherine to help promote their work.{{sfn|Gabrielli|2003}} The French government awarded her the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques|Officier de l’Instruction Publique]], one of France's highest distinctions, when her brothers received the [[Legion of Honour|Légion d’Honneur]] in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PART 6: AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES, 1909-1947 {{!}} Wright State University |url=https://wright.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/archival_objects/221009 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=wright.libraryhost.com}}</ref> Katherine was considered the "silent partner" of the Wright Brothers by ''[[The World (NY magazine)|The World Magazine]]''.{{sfn|''The World Magazine''|1909}} The ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch|Saint Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' called her the "inspiration of her brothers in their experiments". This did not prevent Orville Wright from ostracising her when she got married. He thought of this as a betrayal. She died of illness less than a year later, and he did not reach her side until after her death. {{sfn|''St. Louis Post-Dispatch''|1909|p=6}}

===1910s===
[[File:Hélène Dutrieu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hélène Dutrieu]], 1911|alt=Hélène Dutrieu, 1911]]
Early pioneers include French [[Raymonde de Laroche]] who was the first woman in the world to successfully pass a flight test and earn a pilot licence on March 8, 1910. In 1909, a pilot licence had become required to fly commercially and participate in air shows.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} Seven other French women followed her, earning pilot's licenses within the next year.{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=120}} One of these, [[Marie Marvingt]], 3rd Frenchwoman licensed for airplanes,{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=277}} but first French woman balloonist licensed in 1901,{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=70}} became the first woman to fly in combat, completing bombing raids over Germany.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Air Ambulance International|2013}} Marvingt tried to get the government to outfit air ambulances prior to the war and became the world first certified [[Flight nurse|Flight Nurse]].{{sfn|Air Ambulance International|2013}}

[[Hélène Dutrieu]] became the first woman pilot in Belgium, obtaining the 27th license issued in her country in 1910 and the second female licensed in Europe.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Feuillen|2005}}{{sfn|Cochrane|Ramirez|2016}} Later that same year, she became the first woman to fly with a passenger.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} In 1910, even before she earned her pilot's license, [[Lilian Bland]] a British woman living in Northern Ireland, designed and flew a glider in Belfast.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|pp=204–205}}

[[Blanche Scott]] always claimed to be the first American woman to fly an airplane, but as she was seated when a gust of wind took her up on her brief flight in September 1910, the "accidental" flight went unrecognized.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|pp=215, 219}} Within two years, she had established herself as a daredevil pilot and was known as the "Tomboy of the Air",{{sfn|''The Pittsburg Daily Headlight''|1912|p=8}} competing in air shows and exhibitions, as well as [[flying circus]]es.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|pp=220–225}}{{sfn|''The Pittsburg Daily Headlight''|1912|p=8}} On October 13, 1910, [[Bessica Raiche]] received a gold medal from the Aeronautical Society of New York, recognizing her as the first American woman to make a solo flight.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=226}} In 1910 the [[Femina Cup|Femina Cup (''Coupe Femina'')]] an award of 2000 French [[franc]]s was established by [[Pierre Lafitte (journalist)|Pierre Lafitte]], publisher of [[France|French]] women's magazine [[Femina (French magazine)|''Femina'']], to honour the female pilot who, by sunset on 31 December each year, had made the longest [[flight]], in time and distance, without landing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frank Moore Colby |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ |title=New international yearbook; a compendium of the world's progress |date=1907 |publisher=New York |others=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1912-01-01 |title=Woman Sets Aero Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/7764896/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Indianapolis Star |pages=2}}</ref>

[[Harriet Quimby]] became the USA's first licensed female pilot on August 1, 1911, and the first woman to cross the English Channel by airplane the following year.{{sfn|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2016}} Thirteen days after Quimby,{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=233}} her friend [[Matilde E. Moisant]] an American of French Canadian descent{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=164}} was licensed and began flying in air shows.{{sfn|Cochrane|Ramirez|2014}} [[File:Tiny Broadwick.jpg|thumb|[[Tiny Broadwick|Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick]], early parachutist, 1913|alt=Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick, early parachutist, 1913]]

Within a fortnight, [[Lydia Zvereva]] had obtained the first female Russian license{{sfn|Gribanov|2013|p=435}} and by 1914 she performed the first aerobatic loop made by a woman.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=91}} [[Hilda Hewlett]] became the first British woman to earn a pilot's license on August 29, 1911, and taught her son to fly that same year.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} [[Cheridah de Beauvoir Stocks]] became the second [[United Kingdom|British]] woman to gain a [[Royal Aero Club]] [[aviator's licence]], on 7 November 1911.<ref>''Flight'' 11 Nov. 1911</ref>

In September 1910, [[Melli Beese]] became Germany's first woman pilot and{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=69}} the following year began designing her first airplane which was produced in 1913.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=77}} On October 10, 1911, [[Božena Laglerová]] a Czech native of Prague, obtained the first Austrian license for a woman and nine days later secured the second German license for a woman.{{sfn|Lam|2004}} On 7 December 1910, [[Jane Herveu]], who had previously been involved in [[automobile racing]] was licensed in France and began participating in the [[Femina Cup (Aviation)|Femina Cup]].{{sfn|Hartmann|2015|pp=4–5}} [[Lilly Steinschneider]] became the first female pilot in the Austro-Hungarian Empire on August 15, 1912.

[[Rosina Ferrario]], first female pilot of Italy, earned her license on January 3, 1913, and was as unsuccessful as Marvingt had been to get her government or the Red Cross to allow women to transport wounded soldiers during World War I.{{sfn|Lanza|2013|pp=110–115}} [[Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu]], Romania's first woman pilot got the same response from her government about flying for the war effort and turned to journalism.{{sfn|Marcu|2009}} On December 1, 1913, [[Lyubov Golanchikova]] signed a contract to become the first female test pilot. She agreed to test "Farman-22" aircraft manufactured in the Chervonskaya airplane workshop of {{ill|Fedor Fedorovich Tereshchenko|ru|Терещенко, Фёдор Фёдорович}}{{sfn|Zakharov|1988|pp=37–49}} The first woman on the [[African Continent]] to earn a pilot's license was [[Ann Maria Bocciarelli]] of [[Kimberley, South Africa]].{{sfn|South African Power Flying Association|2010}}

In 1916, [[Zhang Xiahun]] ({{lang-zh|張俠魂}}) became China's first female pilot when she attended an airshow of the Nanyuan Aviation School and insisted that she be allowed to fly. After circling the field, tossing flowers, she crashed, becoming a national heroine when she survived.{{sfn|Judge|2015|p=141}}{{sfn|Judge|2012|pp=163–164, 168}} [[Katherine Stinson]] became the first woman air mail pilot, when the [[United States Postal Service]] contracted her to fly mail from Chicago to New York City in 1918.{{sfn|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004b}} The following year, [[Ruth Law]] flew the first official U.S. air mail to the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004a}}

Women were also involved in teaching others how to fly. [[Hilda Hewlett]] and [[Gustav Blondeau|Gustave Blondeau]] teamed up in 1910 to start the first flying school in England, the [[Hewlett-Blondeau School]].{{sfn|''Winged Victory''|2006|p=1910s}} The school had only one plane with which to instruct students and was open for two years.{{sfn|Grant|2009}} [[Charlotte Möhring]], the second German woman to earn a pilot's license, worked as a manager of a flying school in 1913.{{Sfn|Lebow|2002|p=86}}

===1920 - 1925===
[[File:Miss Prim with aeroplane at the flight school Aero Material in Stockholm, Sweden.jpg|thumb|Miss Prim with airplane at the flight school Aero Material in [[Stockholm, Sweden]], circa 1920|left|216x216px]]
Men and women after [[World War I]] were able to purchase "surplus and decommissioned planes".{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=108}} Wanting to fly, but with little demand after the war, pilots purchased the planes and went from town to town offering rides. Creating attractions to bring in crowds, these daredevils performed stunts, loops and began wing walking to attract more customers. The [[aerialist]]s and pilots formed flying circuses sending promoters ahead of them to hang posters promoting their [[barnstorming]] feats.{{sfn|Folstad|2012}}
[[File:Bessie_Coleman_in_1923.jpg|thumb|202x202px|Bessie Coleman in 1923]]
In 1920, [[Phoebe Omlie|Phoebe Fairgrave]], later Omlie, at the age of eighteen determined to make her aviation career as a [[stuntwoman]].{{sfn|''The Brainerd Daily Dispatch''|1921|p=1}}{{sfn|Welshimer|1930|p=8}} By 1921, she had set a world women's parachute drop record of 15,200 feet{{sfn|''The Brainerd Daily Dispatch''|1921|p=1}}{{sfn|Wampler|1932}} and worked as a [[wing walker]] for the Fox Moving Picture Company's ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)|The Perils of Pauline]]'' series. By 1927, Omlie earned the first transport pilots license and airplane mechanics license issued to a woman.{{sfn|Sherman|2008}} Another stuntwoman, [[Ethel Dare]] had perfected walking from one plane to another by 1920,{{sfn|''The Detroit Free Press''|1920|p=5}} the first woman to perform the feat.{{sfn|Folstad|2012}}

===1926 - 1929===
[[File:Altman New Yorker 07-27-1929 p1.jpg|thumb|[[New York City]] clothing store [[B. Altman and Company|B. Altman]] markets to women aviators in 1929.]]

In 1928 [http://canadian99s.com/eileen-vollick-2/ Eileen Vollick] was the first women in Canada to obtain a Pilots License and Japan's first woman pilot [[Tadashi Hyōdō]] earned her license the same year.{{sfn|Nakamura|2000}} [[Kwon Ki-ok]] of Korea became the first female licensee of that country in 1925 and after World War II, became instrumental in helping establish the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]].{{sfn|Jang Jin Young|2005}}{{sfn|Yang|Wu|2006}} German [[Marga von Etzdorf]] was the first woman to fly for an airline when she began co-piloting for [[Lufthansa]] in 1927{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots: Etzdorf|2015}} and piloting solo on commercial Junkers F13 on 1 February 1928.{{sfn|Lufthansa|2013}}[[File:Aboukaia-Driancourt ombord på monoplanet Demoiselle Santos-Dumont.jpg|thumb|Aboukaia-Driancourt aboard the [[monoplane]] "Demoiselle Santos-Dumont", circa 1920]]

In the late 1920s, women continued to compete in cross-country air races and contests related to flying.{{Sfn|Bednarek| Bednarek|2003|p=48–49}} In 1929, [[Pancho Barnes]] moved to Hollywood to work as the first woman stunt pilot. Besides working on such films as Howard Hughes' ''[[Hell's Angels (film)|Hell's Angels]]'' (1930),{{sfn|Gibson|2013|pp=136–137}} she also founded the Associated Motion Pictures Pilots Union in 1931.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots: Barnes|2015}}

The first [[Women's Air Derby]] or Powder Puff Derby, an official women-only race from [[Santa Monica, California]] to [[Cleveland, Ohio]], was held as part of the 1929 [[National Air Races]] and was won by [[Louise Thaden]].{{sfn|Jessen|1999}} [[Marie Marvingt]] of France, who had first proposed the idea of using airplanes as [[ambulance]]s in 1912 continued to promote her idea successfully in the 1920s.{{sfn|Air Ambulance International|n.d.}} During the [[French colonial wars]], Marvingt evacuated injured military personnel with ''Aviation Sanitaire'', a flying ambulance service.{{Sfn|Lebow|2002|p=42–43}} Canadian [[Eileen Vollick]] became the first licensed female pilot in 1928 at age 19, and [[Elsie MacGill]] became the first woman to earn a master's degree in [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineering]] in 1929.{{sfn|Sissons|2007}}

[[Janet Hendry]] became the first woman pilot in Scotland, earning her "A" licence on 3 December 1928.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women |date=2018 |editor-first=Elizabeth |editor-last=Ewan |isbn=978-1-4744-3629-8 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |oclc=1057237368}}</ref>

On November 2, 1929, at [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Curtiss Field]] in [[Valley Stream, New York]], 26 women pilots gathered and formed an international organization to provide mutual support for advancing women pilots and named themselves the [[Ninety-Nines]], after the number of charter members.{{sfn|Hollander|Jessen|West|1996|pp=11–12}}

===1930s===
[[File:Aviator with Junkers Juinor sports plane.jpg|thumb|Aviator with Junkers Junior sports plane, circa 1935|left]]
The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|1929 stock market crash]] and ensuing [[Great Depression|depression]], coupled with more stringent safety regulations, caused many of the flying circuses and barnstorming circuits to fold.{{sfn|Folstad|2012}} During the decade, options for women pilots in the [[United States]] were limited mainly to sales, marketing, racing and [[barnstorming]] and being an instructor pilot.{{Sfn|Bednarek|Bednarek|2003|p=80}} In 1930, [[Ellen Church]], a pilot who was unable to secure work flying, proposed to airline executives that women be allowed to act as hostesses on planes. She was hired on a three-month trial basis by [[History of United Airlines|Boeing Air Transport]] and selected as one of the first seven [[flight attendant]]s for airlines. These first flight attendants were required to be under 115 pounds, nurses and unmarried.{{sfn|Latson|2015}}{{sfn|Molotsky|1985}}[[File:Women pilots 1930.jpg|thumb|Women pilots who escorted the landing of [[Amy Johnson]] in [[Sydney]] on 4 June 1930, at the end of the first England to Australia flight by a woman. Photo presented to the [[National Library of Australia]] by Miss Meg Skelton (on left).|alt=Women pilots who escorted the landing of Amy Johnson in Sydney on 4 June 1930, at the end of the first England to Australia flight by a woman. Photo presented to the National Library of Australia by Miss Meg Skelton (on left).]]

Various "firsts" were achieved by women in the 1930s. In 1930, English aviator [[Amy Johnson]], made the first England to Australia flight by a woman.{{sfn|''BBC''|2015}} The same year, inspired to learn to fly by Johnson's flight, [[Mrs Victor Bruce]] became the first person to fly from England to Japan, the first to fly across the Yellow Sea, and the first woman to fly around the world alone (crossing the oceans by ship) in her [[Blackburn Bluebird IV|Bluebird]] plane.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Bruce [née Petre], Mildred Mary (1895–1990), motorist and aviator |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-63962 |access-date=2022-08-09 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/63962|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |last1=Pottle |first1=Mark }}</ref>

[[Antonie Strassmann]], a German emigre to the US, became the first woman to successfully cross the Atlantic aboard an aircraft, traveling in May 1932 with a team on a [[Dornier Do X]] flying boat.{{sfn|Strassmann|2008|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} In the fall of the same year, Strassmann piloted a [[Zeppelin]] from Germany to [[Pernambuco]] in Brazil.

On 19 September 1931, the first all women's flying meeting in the UK was organised by [[Molly Olney]] and [[Mrs Harold Brown]] through the Northamptonshire Aero Club, at [[Sywell Aerodrome|Sywell]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sywell Aerodrome History|url=https://www.sywellaerodrome.co.uk/about-us/aerodrome-history/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Sywell Aerodrome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8W4PAAAAIAAJ&q=MOLLY+OLNEY|title=Flight International|date=July 1931|publisher=IPC Transport Press Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1932|title=Aerodrome Activities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3UfAQAAMAAJ&q=MOLLY+OLNEY|journal=The Aeroplane|volume=43}}</ref>

In May 1932, American [[Amelia Earhart]] became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.{{sfn|Women in Aviation International|2003}}{{sfn|Crellin|2014}}{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=282}} She urged the public to encourage and enable young women to become airplane pilots and in 1936 and 1937, she taught students at [[Purdue University]], which was "one of the few U.S. colleges to offer aviation classes to women".{{sfn|Alden|1932|p=17}}{{sfn|Dall'Acqua|1986|p=2}}

In 1933, [[Lotfia ElNadi]] became the first [[Egypt]]ian woman and first [[Arab people|Arab]] woman to earn a pilot's license.{{sfn|Habib|2014}} That same year, [[Marina Raskova]] became the first Russian woman [[navigator]] for the [[Soviet Air Forces]].{{sfn|Markwick|Cardona|2012|p=37}} The following year she began teaching as the first female [[Flight instructor|instructor]] at the [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy|Zhukovsky Air Force Academy]]{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots: Raskova|2015}} and then in 1935 received her certification as a [[flight instruments]] trainer.{{sfn|Strebe|2007|p=16}}
[[File:WASP_Hazel_Ying_Lee_(cropped).JPG|thumb|WASP Hazel Ying Lee |left|126x126px]]
[[Hazel Ying Lee]], a dual American-Chinese citizen, earned her pilot's license in 1932 in the United States. She went to China to volunteer to serve in the Chinese Army after the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]], but was rejected due to her sex.{{sfn|Merry|2010|pp=176–177}} In 1934, Chinese actress [[Lee Ya-Ching]] obtained a pilot's license in Switzerland; the following year, she obtained the first license for a woman from the American [[Boeing School of Aeronautics]]; and, in 1936, she became the first woman licensed by China as a pilot. She went on to found a civilian flying school in Shanghai that same year.{{sfn|Ferraro|2008}}{{sfn|Ying|2012}}

In 1935, [[Nancy Bird Walton]] obtained the first Australian license allowing a woman to carry passengers so that she could fly an ambulance service for the [[Royal Far West Children's Health Scheme]]. She later founded the Australian Women Pilots' Association.{{sfn|Monash University|2009}}

That same year, [[Phyllis Dunning|Phyllis Doreen Hooper]] earned the first women pilot's license in [[South Africa]]. The following year, she became the first female licensed as a commercial pilot and within 2 years had become the first South African woman flight instructor.{{sfn|Lehmkuhl|2008}}

In France, [[Suzanne Melk]], was the first known women in her country to fly and the first women in [[Europe]] to receive a pilot's license in 1935.{{sfn|Monash University|2002}}

[[Sarla Thakral]] was first Indian woman to fly, earning her aviation pilot license in 1936 in a Gypsy Moth solo. She later completed over 1000 hours of flight time.{{sfn|Kulkarni|2009}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2006}}

In 1936, [[Hanna Reitsch]] of Germany became one of the first persons to fly a fully controllable [[helicopter]]{{sfn|''The AOPA Pilot''|1962|p=70|ps=. "Hanna Reitsch of Frankfurt, Germany, who was the world's first helicopter pilot—man or woman&nbsp;..."}}{{sfn|Tucker|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wm_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1396 1396]}} and within two years, she earned the first woman helicopter pilot's license.{{sfn|Sofroniou|2013|p=198}}{{sfn|Kirkland|2013|p=85}}[[File:Sabiha gokcen2.jpg|alt=A photo of Sabiha Gökçen from the 1930s|thumb|Sabiha Gökçen 1930s|121x121px]]Women had been barred from prestigious [[Bendix Trophy|Bendix Race]] following the death of [[Florence Klingensmith]], but were allowed to compete from 1935.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bendix Trophy|url=http://www.air-racing-history.com/Between_the_wars_2_.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Air Racing History}}</ref> In 1936, women not only took first place, but also second and fifth.{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=308–309}} The winners were [[Louise Thaden]] and [[Blanche Noyes]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-02|title=First Women to win Bendix Transcontinental Speed Race 1936|url=https://firstflight.org/first-women-to-win-bendix-transcontinental-speed-race-1936/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=First Flight Society|language=en}}</ref> [[Laura Ingalls (aviator)|Laura Ingalls]] came second and Earhart was fifth. In 1938, the race was won by [[Jacqueline Cochran]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Sabiha Gokcen with cap.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sabiha Gökçen]], world's first female combat pilot]]In 1936, [[Sabiha Gökçen]] of Turkey became the first trained woman combat pilot, participating in search operations and bombing flights during the [[Dersim rebellion|Dersim Rebellion]]. While Gökçen was not the first to have participated in military operations, she was the first woman to have been trained as a military pilot, graduating from the Aircraft School (Tayyare Mektebi) in [[Eskişehir]].{{sfn|Altınay|2001}} She flew around 8,000 hours and participated in 32 different military operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First female combat pilot |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-female-combat-pilot |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

In 1939, the [[South African Women's Aviation Association]] (SAWAA) was formed with 110 women members. Colloquially known as the Women's Civil Air Guard, within the year, membership had swelled to between 3000 and 4000 members. With the outbreak of war, the organisation changed focus to become the Women's Auxiliary of the [[South African Air Force]].{{sfn|Bird|Botes|1982}}

===1940s===
[[File:Stamp of Russia 2012 No 1567 Marina Raskova.jpg|thumb|Stamp of Russia 2012 No 1567 [[Marina Raskova]] who flew in WWII]]
As [[World War II]] began, women became involved in combat. In the United States, prior to the war, pilots typically flew only in good weather, so that they could judge ground position. Flying in combat required pilots to fly in varying conditions, and a push for instrument training began. By 1944, around 6,000 women had been trained as [[Link Trainer]] operators and were teaching male pilots how to read instruments. [[WAVES]] like [[Patricia W. Malone]] transitioned after the war to commercial [[flight simulation]] instruction, where women dominated the industry of flight training operators.{{sfn|Best|n.d.|p=49}}

In 1939, [[Jacqueline Cochran]] wrote to the first lady, [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], about using women pilots in the military.{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} Later, [[Nancy Harkness Love]] also made a similar request to the US Army, however both women's ideas were put on hold until 1942. Love was then put in command of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron [WAFS], which developed a reputation for quiet efficiency and became a well-respected unit.{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} General [[Henry H. Arnold|Henry Arnold]] on September 14, 1942, put Cochran in charge of a new program called the Army Air Forces [[Women's Flying Training Detachment]] (WFTD).{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} By August 5, 1943, the WFTD was merged with the WAFS to form the [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WASP).{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} The WASPs supported the military in various ways, flying new planes from [[Factory|factories]] to Army Air Force bases, worked as test pilots, worked as flying [[chauffeur]]s and helped tow targets for [[Anti-aircraft warfare|antiaircraft]] gunnery practice.{{sfn|Martin|1993}} The WASPs never gained full military benefits, the organization was disbanded in December 1944. WASPs finally earned veteran status retroactively in 1979.{{sfn|Martin|1993}}

Besides working as women pilots, American women also started working as [[air traffic controller]]s during WWII.{{sfn|Federal Aviation Administration|n.d.}} Commander [[Frances Biadosz]] was the only WAVE to wear wings for air-navigation during World War II.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=135}} Women in the United States were also hired by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) to work as scientists and engineers, as well as analysts, reviewing data from [[Wind tunnel|windtunnels]] on airplane [[prototype]]s.{{sfn|Shetterly|2016|pp=7, 11–12}}

In 1940, Major [[Phyllis Dunning]] (née Phyllis Doreen Hooper) became the first South African woman to enter full-time military service as the Commander of the South African Women's Auxiliary Air Force (SAWAAF).{{sfn|Coetzee|2015}} In 1941, the [[Southern Rhodesia Women's Auxiliary Air Service]] was commissioned. Within a few months over 100 women recruits were providing clerical services, sewing skills, parachute packing, and serving as drivers, equipment assistants and mechanics.{{sfn|Salt|2015|p=108}}

[[File:Margot Duhalde ATA.png|thumb|upright|alt=Black and white photo of Margot Duhalde with her insignia of the Air Force|[[Margot Duhalde]], the first woman pilot of the [[French Air Force]]]]
[[File:Pauline Gower, Commandant of the Air Transport Auxiliary Women's Section, waving from the cockpit of a de Havilland Tiger Moth at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, prior to a delivery flight, 10 January 1940. C380.jpg|thumb|Pauline Gower, Commandant of the Air Transport Auxiliary Women's Section]]
The Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), a British civilian operation during World War II, had 166 women pilots, (one in eight of all ATA pilots) under the command of [[Pauline Gower]].{{sfn|Cipalla|1987}} The first eight women pilots, [[Joan Hughes]], [[Margaret Cunnison]], [[Mona Friedlander]], [[Rosemary Rees]], [[Marion Wilberforce]], [[Margaret Fairweather]], [[Gabrielle Patterson]], and [[Winifred Crossley Fair]] were accepted into service on 1 January 1940. Fifteen of these women pilots lost their lives in the air, including British recordbreaking aviator [[Amy Johnson]] and Canadian born [[Elsie Joy Davison|Joy Davison]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATA Personnel|url=https://archive.atamuseum.org/personnel.php|access-date=2021-02-27|website=archive.atamuseum.org}}</ref> [[Ida Veldhuyzen van Zanten]] was the only Dutch woman in the ATA, having escaped the occupied Netherlands as an [[Engelandvaarder]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ida Veldhuyzen van Zanten - 08 - de Vliegende Hollander|url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/vliegendehollander/2015/05/ida-veldhuyzen-van-zanten|access-date=2021-10-22|website=magazines.defensie.nl|language=nl-NL}}</ref> [[Margot Duhalde]], a [[Chile]]an woman, flew transport missions for the ATA during World War II and after the war became the first woman pilot of the [[French Air Force]], flying transports to [[Morocco]]. For her services, Duhalde was made a Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] in 1946.{{sfn|Beton Delègue|2011}} [[Valérie André]], a neurosurgeon and member of the French army, became the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat, while serving in [[Indochina]] (1945). The [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] created a [[Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division|Women's Division]] in 1942, offering women 2/3 the pay of their male counterparts. Though barred from combat and flying, women performed aircraft maintenance and served in air traffic control, in addition to other duties. By the end of the war, over 17,000 Canadian women had served in the Women's Division either at home or abroad.{{sfn|March|2016}}

Korean {{ill|Lee Jeong-hee|ko|이정희 (비행사)}}, who had earned her pilot's license in 1927, joined the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] in 1948 and was appointed first lieutenant. She was the founding commander of the Women's Air Force Corps in 1949, but was captured and taken to North Korea when the Korean War broke out.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=233}}{{sfn|오마이뉴스|2004}}

[[File:Female mechanics work on R-1830 of PBY at NAS Corpus Christi 1942.jpg|thumb|Female mechanics working on [[R-1830]] of PBY at NAS [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] 1942|alt=Female mechanics work on R-1830 of PBY at NAS Corpus Christi 1942|left]]

Unlike other countries fighting in WWII, the [[Soviet Union]] created an all-woman combat flight unit, the 588th Night-Bomber Air-Regiment or the [[Night Witches]]. This group of the [[Soviet Air Forces]], flew harassment bombing and [[precision bombing]] missions from 1942 to the end of the World War II.{{sfn|Garber|2013}} The organization was first formed by [[Joseph Stalin]] on October 8, 1941, and all of the women were volunteers.{{sfn|Martin|2013}} The Night Witches flew 30,000 missions and "dumped 23,000 tons of bombs on the German invaders": the unit was granted both 'Guards' status and a battle-honour: 'Taman-sky' (for their work during the Battle of Taman), and was therefore re-numbered to finish the war as the 46th 'Tamansky' Guards Night-Bomber Air-Regiment. {{sfn|Martin|2013}} The Soviets also had the only women to be considered [[flying ace]]s. [[Lydia Litvyak]] was credited with different numbers of kills from various sources, but in 1990, the tally was given as 12 solo kills and 3 shared kills.{{sfn|All About Military|2010}}{{sfn|Noggle|2001|pp=157–158}} [[Yekaterina Budanova]] fought combat missions over [[Saratov]] and [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] and was credited with 11 kills.{{sfn|All About Military|2010}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=57}}

In 1948, [[Ada Rogato]], Brazil's first licensed woman pilot, became the first female agricultural pilot when she was hired by the government to crop dust coffee fields and eliminate the [[Ptinidae|borer beetle]] that was plaguing the crop.{{sfn|Reis|2013}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|de Lima|2009|p=2}} The following year, Rogato became the first woman to fly solo over the Andes and in 1951, flew from [[Tierra del Fuego]] to [[Alaska]], a solo flight which would take her across South America, Central America and North America.{{sfn|Reis|2013}}{{sfn|''The Ottawa Journal''|1951|p=3}} In 1948, [[Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral]], who became Isabella de Freitas the following year, became the first woman pilot of Trinidad and Tobago.{{sfn|Pidduck|2006}} It would be another forty years, in 1988, before the first Trinidadian woman, [[Wendy Yawching]] became a captain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wendy Yawching |website=Caribbean Icons in Science, Technology & Innovation|publisher=National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology |url=http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/women-in-science/wendy-yawching.html |access-date=2016-11-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429142404/http://niherst.gov.tt/icons/women-in-science/wendy-yawching.html |archive-date=2016-04-29|location=St Augustine, Trinidad}}</ref>{{sfn|Wallace|2015}}

===1950s===
[[File:IM--1337---The-Women-Marines'-Third-Warsm.jpg|thumb|The [[Korean War]] offered new opportunities in critical roles for women marines, like these control tower [[air traffic controllers]].]]
In 1951, the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF) of China enrolled 55 women trainees. When they graduated, the following year, the women represented 6 [[Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System|communication operators]], 5 navigators, 30 [[Aircraft maintenance technician|on-board aircraft mechanics]] and 14 pilots. A second class of 160 trainees entered PLAAF in 1956, but only 44 of them completed their training.{{sfn|Allen|Kelly|2012}}

In late 1952, with the [[Korean War]] in full swing, the North Korean Air Force was the only one in the world with female jet fighter pilots. One of them, [[Tha Sen Hi]], flew MiG-15s in combat and eventually rose to squadron leader. She was honoured with the title of Hero of the Korean People's Democratic Republic.{{sfn|Gordon|2001|p=66}}

In 1952, [[Earsley Barnett]], American wife of Major Carl Barnett, founder of Wings Jamaica, earned the first pilot license granted to a woman in Jamaica. She later became the first Jamaican flight instructor, as well as a commercial pilot.{{sfn|Smalling|1990|p=50}}

[[Jacqueline Cochran]] became the first woman to break the sound barrier in 1953. She had to use a Canadian Canadair Sabre 3 as the U.S. military refuse her access to American aircraft. By June 1953, she was the holder of "all but one of the principal world airplane speed records for straightaway and closed-course flight" for women.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=131}} On June 14, 1963, [[Jacqueline Auriol]] became the first woman to fly at twice the speed of sound with a [[Dassault Mirage IIIR]].

During the [[Korean War]], former WASPs were asked to join active duty in the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]].{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=133}} Thirteen percent of the WAVES recruits by 1952 were selected for air training, which included positions as air control personnel, [[aerographer's mate]]s, electronics technicians and as other support personnel. In 1953, the WAVES lifted a ban on women serving as mechanics.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=135}} {{ill|Kim Kyung-Oh|ko|김경오}} was the only South Korean woman to serve as a pilot in the ROK Air Force during the Korean War.{{sfn|Hwang|2013}}{{sfn|Gollob|2005}}

[[File:Australian Women Pilots' Association Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953 (16289750475).jpg|thumb|[[Australian Women Pilots' Association]] Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953|alt=Australian Women Pilots' Association Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953 (16289750475)|left]]

Organisations were formed, such as the [[Australian Women Pilots' Association|Australia Women Pilots' Association]] (AWPA).{{Sfn|Bridges|Neal-Smith|2014|p=168}} Another organization was the [[Whirly-Girls]], started by [[Jean Ross Howard Phelan]] in 1955 for women helicopter pilots. She started the group as an informal interest group, but formalized it in order to better help the members network and support each other in the male-dominated field.{{sfn|Weitekamp|2005|pp=55–56}}

[[Pakistan]] modeled its air force on the [[Royal Air Force|British Royal Air Force]] during the late 1950s. This allowed for more women to become involved in the military in Pakistan.{{sfn|Shah|2015}} In 1958 [[Dorothy Rungeling]] of Canada became her country's first woman to solo pilot a helicopter.{{sfn|Brock University|2006}}

In the 1950s and 1960s, air travel was expensive and few people of color could afford to fly. U.S. segregation laws were slowly being overturned to lift barriers for not only travel, but for employment opportunities.{{sfn|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2007}}{{sfn|Brownlee|2013}} Coupled with the influx of workers from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean, and the independence movements in Africa and the Caribbean, British need for labor in the post-war period made recruiting of 'coloured labour' in the same period a necessity.{{sfn|Brown|1995}} The following decades would increasingly see more women from former colonies enter aviation.{{sfn|Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|2012}}{{sfn|République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport|2013}}{{sfn|''The Jamaica Observer''|2010}}{{sfn|Somali Aviation Resource Center|2013}}{{sfn|McKenzie|2013}}{{sfn|''The National Mirror''|2014}}{{sfn|
Singapore Council of Women's Organisations|2015}}

===1960s===
[[File:United Airlines Stewardesses 1968.jpg|thumb|[[Flight attendant|Stewardesses]] from 1968 working for [[United Airlines]]|alt=Stewardesses from 1968 working for United Airlines.]]
In the 1960s, stewardesses, as female flight attendants were known, were considered glamorous and exotic adventurers. Frank Sinatra's song ''[[Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)|Come Fly with Me]]'' gave birth to the jet set.{{sfn|Handy|2014}} Adding to the allure, Bernard Glemser's novel, ''Girl on a Wing'', and the British movie based on it, ''[[Come Fly with Me (film)|Come Fly with Me]]'' (1963), depicted stewardesses as stylish seekers of romance.{{sfn|''Variety''|1962}} Wearing custom-fitted uniforms, attendants were career women, whose looks, marital status and childlessness were guarded by industry executives, much as Hollywood starlets had been. On the one hand, they were to project an ideal of womanhood, but on the other, they were used to sell airline travel through their sexuality. The double standard that they faced as well as the glamorous lifestyle they lived, shot to the best-seller's list with the publication in 1967 of the book, ''[[Coffee, Tea or Me?]]''{{sfn|Handy|2014}} In 1963, stewardesses who held a press conference on airlines' policy of retiring stewardesses at 32, caught the attention of the country. The press conference focused attention on the airlines narrow standard of "feminine allure".{{sfn|Barry|2006}}

In 1960, [[Olga Tarling]] became the first woman [[air traffic controller]] in Australia{{sfn|Bridges|Neal-Smith|2014|pp=168–169}} and [[Yvonne Sintes|Yvonne Pope Sintes]] and [[Frankie O'Kane]] become the first female British air traffic controllers.{{sfn|Gough-Cooper|2013}} That same year, [[Alia Menchari]] became the first woman [[Tunisia]]n pilot.{{sfn|République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport|2013}} In 1961, [[Lucille Golas]] attained the first pilot license for a woman in [[Guyana]] to assist her husband in his mining business.{{sfn|''Guyana Chronicle''|2014}} Asegedech Assefa became the first Ethiopian woman to earn a pilot's license in 1962.{{sfn|''Tadias Magazine''|2010}} That same year, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to fly a jet across the Atlantic Ocean.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} She was also the first woman to break the sound barrier. Throughout the decade, she and [[Jacqueline Auriol]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Auriol, Jacqueline (1917—) &#124; Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/auriol-jacqueline-1917|access-date=2022-02-26|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> of France traded women's speed and distance records what would be known as the "battle of the Jackies". [[Jacqueline Auriol]] was the first woman to fly at twice the speed of sound in 1963. 

[[File:Rus_Stamp_GSS-Tereshkova_Russia.jpg|alt=Valentina Tereshkova on Russian stamp|left|thumb|[[Valentina Tereshkova]], the [[Vostok 6|first woman in space]] and the first to orbit the Earth, on a Russian stamp]]

A privately funded project, of [[William Randolph Lovelace II|William Lovelace]], the [[Mercury 13|Woman in Space Program]] recruited women pilots in the U.S. to test them for suitability for the space program. Thirteen of the recruits passed [[NASA]]'s physical requirements. Scheduled for additional testing, the [[United States Navy]] canceled use of their facilities as there were no NASA officials involved. Public hearings were held by a special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics in 1962. Because NASA required all astronauts to attain an engineering degree and be graduates of military jet piloting test programs, none of the women could meet the entry prerequisites. The subcommittee took no action after the hearing. The following year, [[Valentina Tereshkova]],{{sfn|Weitekamp|2004a}} an amateur Russian parachute jumper, became the first woman in space.{{sfn|Sharp|2013}}

In 1963, [[Betty Miller (pilot)|Betty Miller]] became the first woman to fly solo across the [[Pacific Ocean]]{{sfn|Knox|2013}} and [[Anne Spoerry]], a French doctor living in [[Kenya]] became the first female member of the [[Amref Health Africa|African Medical and Research Foundation]]'s "Flying Doctors", operating her plane through the bush to provide needed medical assistance in remote areas.{{sfn|Deedes|2001}} 
[[File:Spirit of Columbus in Udvar-Hazy Center, February 2015.JPG|thumb|[[Jerrie Mock]]'s ''[[Spirit of Columbus]]'', which she piloted in 1964 as the first woman to fly solo around the world, at the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]]]]
In 1964, [[Jerrie Mock|Geraldine Mock]] became the first woman to [[Circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] the globe.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} Mock, flying solo, flew her plane, ''[[Spirit of Columbus]]'' around the world in 29 1/2 days. In 1966, Soviet pilot [[Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova]] competed at the [[World Aerobatic Championship]] in Moscow and won gold in the women's individual competition, becoming the first women's world [[aerobatics]] champion.{{sfn|Bouraia|2002}}

Because of the unpopularity of the [[Vietnam War]] in the United States, men were not volunteering at high enough rates; however, many women were being turned away because of limits on women's work in the military. In 1967, a law was passed allowing more women into the military and to be promoted to high ranks.{{sfn|McLean|2001}} In 1969, [[Kucki Low|Kucki von Gerlach]] obtained the first pilot's license issued to a woman in [[South West Africa]], now [[Namibia]].{{sfn|Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|2012}} That same year, [[Turi Widerøe]] of [[Norway]] became the first female pilot for [[Scandinavian Airlines]].{{sfn|''Scandinavian Traveler''|2016}} Turi Widerøe had for years been a pilot for her father's company [[Widerøe]], which today is the largest regional airline in the Scandinavian countries. Turi Widerøe is still today recognized as the western world's first woman commercial pilot for a major airlines after she joined Scandinavian Airlines in 1967.

===1970s===
[[File:UPT_Class_77-08.jpg|thumb|USAF Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training Class 77-08]]

Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying{{sfn|Getline|2005}} and they were routinely denied work in commercial piloting.{{sfn|Turner|2011|p=55}} The US military did not open fighter jet flights to women until 1993.{{sfn|Skogen|2014|p=16}} Women eventually began to enter U.S. major commercial aviation in the 1970s and 1980s, with 1973 seeing the first female pilot at a major U.S. airline, [[American Airlines]]. American also promoted the first female captain of a major U.S. airline in 1986 and the following year had the first all-woman flight crew.{{sfn|Anderson|2002}} In other countries, women were starting to fly as pilots, such as [[Turi Widerøe]], who was hired in late 1968, for [[Scandinavian Airlines|Scandinavian Airlines System]] and [[Aeroflot]] had already hired women pilots.{{sfn|Charlton|1973}}

In the 1970s, women were again, for the first time since WWII, permitted to fly in the United States Armed Forces, beginning with the Navy and the Army in 1974, and then the Air Force in 1976.{{sfn|Ganson|2015}} By the mid-1970s, women were predicting that there would be a large increase in female pilots because of the [[Feminist movement|women's liberation]] movement.{{sfn|''The Index-Journal''|1974|p=15}} [[Louise Sacchi]] was the first international woman ferry pilot who flew planes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans over 340 times, more than any other non-airline pilot.{{sfn|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}} In 1971, she set a women's speed record by flying a single-engine land plane from New York to London in 17 hours and 10 minutes, a record that still stands today.{{sfn|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}}{{sfn|Parrack|2006}} Sacchi was the first woman to win the [[Godfrey L. Cabot Award]] for distinguished service to aviation.{{sfn|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}}{{sfn|Aero Club of New England|2011}} The first graduating class of ten female Air Force officers earned their Silver Wings on September 2, 1977. These ten women were part of Class 77-08 and graduated at [[Williams Air Force Base]].{{sfn|Swopes|2015}} In 1978, a group of former WASPs formed the [[Women's Military Pilots Association]] (WMPA).{{sfn|Garwood|2014}}

In 1975, [[Yola Cain]] became the first Jamaican-born commercial pilot and flight instructor.{{sfn|Smalling|1990|p=50}} The following year, Cain became the first female pilot with the [[Jamaica Defence Force]] and in the 1980s would become the first woman pilot for [[Air Jamaica Express|TransJamaica Ltd.]] Four years later, in 1979, Jamaican [[Maria Ziadie-Haddad]] became one of the first women in the Western Hemisphere to become a commercial jet airline pilot when she was hired as the first woman pilot of [[Air Jamaica]], as a [[Boeing 727]] second officer.{{sfn|''The Jamaica Observer''|2010}} Another Jamaican, [[Michele Yap]], became the first female airline captain in the Caribbean flying the [[LIAT|Leeward Islands Air Transport]]'s [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|Twin Otter]] in 1988. The following year, Captain Yap was the first to pilot an all-female crew in the Anglo-Caribbean.{{sfn|Smalling|1990|p=50}}

On 9 September 1976, [[Asli Hassan Abade]] soloed her first flight as the only female pilot in the [[Somali Air Force]].{{sfn|Somali Aviation Resource Center|2013}}{{sfn|''BBC''|2004}} In 1977, [[Cheryl Pickering-Moore]] and [[Beverley Drake]] of [[Guyana]] became the first two women pilots of the [[Guyana Defence Force]].{{sfn|Grainger|2013}} Drake was transferred a few months later as the first female pilot of the [[Guyana Airways Corporation]], she would go on in the 1990s to become the first woman and African-American senior inspection analyst working for the U.S. [[National Transportation Safety Board]].{{sfn|McKenzie|2013}} [[Jill Brown-Hiltz]] joined [[Texas International Airlines]] as a pilot in 1978, becoming the first African American woman to fly for a commercial airline in the United States.{{sfn|Roberts|2015}} That same year, [[Chinyere Kalu]], at the time Chinyere Onyenucheya became, [[Nigeria|Nigeria's]] first female pilot.{{sfn|''The National Mirror''|2014}} In 1979, [[Koh Chai Hong]] became the first woman pilot in the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF). Continuing her military career, Koh became one of the first two female Lieutenant-Colonels in 1999.{{sfn|
Singapore Council of Women's Organisations|2015}} [[Bahamas|Bahamian]] [[Patrice Washington|Patrice Clarke]], later Washington, entered [[Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach]] in 1979. Three years later she would become the school's first black woman to graduate with a BS in [[aeronautical science]] and her commercial pilot's certification.{{sfn|San Diego Air & Space Museum|n.d.}} She would go on to become the first woman pilot hired by [[Bahamasair]]{{sfn|''Tribune 242''|2012}} and later the first black female to command airplanes in the U.S. for a major carrier service when she was promoted to captain by [[United Parcel Service]] (UPS) in 1994.{{sfn|Ho|1995}}{{sfn|Horton|2000|p=14}}

In 1977, [[Barbara Ann Christie]] was recorded as the first woman police pilot in the United States by the American Business Reference Inc. while working for Horsham Township Police Department in Pennsylvania. She contributed in excess of 1,000 hours of personal time to the Air Ambulance and Helicopter Unit without remuneration of any kind.<ref>American Business Reference Inc. (1977){{full citation needed|date=January 2021}}</ref>

===Close of the twentieth century===
[[File:Petty_officer_3rd_class_burton.jpg|left|thumb|Petty Officer 3rd Class Rosalee Burton, operates a training device designed to simulate in-flight pressure changes on aviators. As a Navy training device trainer, Burton operated, maintained, and taught about Navy training equipment at the Naval Aerospace Medicine Institute. Circa 1982.]]
At the close of the century, legal efforts to eliminate barriers of race and sexism in the aviation sector resulted in industry modifications in hiring practices. In the United States, in the late 1970s the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] found violations of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which the court monitored over the next decades and decreed in 1995 had been sufficiently addressed.{{sfn|Hansen|Oster, Jr.|1997|pp=117–119}} In Africa, lack of a strong national carrier resulted in many tourism routes being overtaken by European airlines, but growth in the sector during the 1980s and 1990s saw that 26% of the market share on intercontinental flights were run by Africans.{{sfn|Otieno|2013}} In [[Latin America]] and the Caribbean, growth in the tourism sector through the 1990s, led to dramatic expansion of the civil aviation sector, with many countries seeing airport expansions.{{sfn|West|2001|pp=307, 401, 419, 526, 699}} In military services, women's roles increased during the period in North America, Europe and Asia.{{sfn|Becraft|1990}}

In 1980, [[Lynn Rippelmeyer]] of the U.S. became the first woman to fly a [[Boeing 747]] and four years later became the first woman to serve as captain on the craft.{{sfn|Saathoff|2013}}{{sfn|Gibson|2013|p=145}} That same year, [[Olive Ann Beech]] was awarded the [[Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy]] from the U.S. [[National Aeronautic Association]], for aircraft manufacturing.{{sfn|Farney|2010|pp=172–174}} In 1981, [[Mary Crawford (pilot)|Mary Crawford]] became the first women's flight officer in the [[United States Navy]]{{sfn|Gant|2001|p=12}} and that same year [[Yichida Ndlovu]] would earn the first civilian female pilot's license in [[Zambia]].{{sfn|''GlObserver''|2013}} Unable to join the British [[Royal Air Force]] or local cadet forces, [[Elizabeth Jennings Clark]] of [[St. Lucia]] found a private scholarship program to offset the high-cost of training. She became the first female pilot for [[LIAT]] when she finished her training in 1983.{{sfn|Aimable|2014}} That same year, [[Charlotte Larson]] and [[Deanne Schulman]] made history when Larson became the first woman to captain a [[Smokejumper|smoke jumper]] aircraft and Schulman became the first woman qualified as a smoke jumper.{{sfn|Gant|2001|p=12}}

In Canada the Air Force started a trial program for women pilots in 1979. [http://canadian99s.com/dee-brasseur_canadian-aviatrix/ Dee Brasseur] was one of the four selected and in 1988 became one of the two first women in the world to fly the F-18 jet fighter. [[Khatool Mohammadzai]] became the first [[Afghans|Afghan]] woman [[paratrooper]] in 1984,{{sfn|''BBC News Magazine''|2013}} the same year that [[Beverly Burns]] first served as captain on a Boeing 747 for a cross-country trip.{{sfn|Gant|2001|p=12}} In 1986, [[Rebecca Mpagi]] joined [[Uganda]]'s [[National Resistance Army]] as its first woman pilot. She would continue to rise in the ranks until by 2008, Mpagi was a Lieutenant Colonel, serving as the head of women affairs for the [[Uganda People's Defence Force]].{{sfn|Okwera|2012}} In 1987, [[British Airways|British Airlines]] hired their first woman pilot, [[Lynn Barton|Lynne Barton]].{{sfn|Gough-Cooper|2013}} and that same year [[Erma Johnson]] became the first black and first woman chair of the [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]]'s Board of Directors.{{sfn|Smith|Bracks|Wynn|2015|p=473}} [[Sakhile Nyoni]], a [[Zimbabwe]]an woman, became the first woman pilot in [[Botswana]] in 1988.{{sfn|''Bulawayo 24''|2011}} The following year the [[Afghan Air Force]] admitted [[Latifa Nabizada]] and her sister, Laliuma, as the first women to train at the military flight school.{{sfn|Sara|2013}} The sisters would graduate from helicopter school in 1991 becoming the first women Afghani pilots.{{sfn|Moreau|Yousafzai|2013}} Canadians [[Dee Brasseur|Deanne Brasseur]] and [[Jane Foster (Canadian pilot)|Jane Foster]] were the first women to fly military aircraft in Canada in 1989.{{sfn|Monroe|2004}}

[[File:Ensign_Matice_Wright_first_USN_afroam_flight_officer_1993.jpg|thumb|Ensign Matice Wright, first US Navy African American flight officer 1993]]

Although five women officers had qualified as [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilots in the 1950s, the RAF did not allow women to pursue a career in flying until Julie Ann Gibson and Sally Cox become the RAF's first career pilots in 1990.{{sfn|Gough-Cooper|2013}} On July 31, 1991, the [[United States Senate]] lifted the ban on military women flying in combat.{{sfn|Schmitt|1991}} By 1998, US military women were flying combat missions from [[aircraft carrier]]s.{{sfn|Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|2008}} In 1992, the first female helicopter pilot to fly in [[Antarctica]] was a military officer, [[Judy Chesser Coffman]], of the [[United States Navy]].{{sfn|Navy Personnel Command|2015}} That same year, Lt. [[Kelly J. Franke]] of the [[United States Navy]] was the first woman pilot to be awarded the Naval Helicopter Association Pilot of the Year Award.{{sfn|Bogino|1992}} Lt. Franke flew 105 support missions with [[HSC-2]]'s [[Desert Ducks]] detachment in [[Bahrain]] and was cited for extraordinary aviation achievements for 664.2 hours of accident free flight hours.{{sfn|''Flying''|1992|p=34}} While there were many African American women in the US military, it was 1993 before [[Matice Wright]] became the first black woman flight officer in the United States Navy.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=251}} That same year, [[Nina Tapula]] became the first woman military pilot of [[Zambia]].{{sfn|''GlObserver''|2013}}{{sfn|''MiCampus Magazine''|2016}} [[Harita Kaur Deol]] became the first female solo pilot in the [[Indian Air Force]], in September 1994, flying an [[Avro HS-748]] at the age of 22.{{sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|1998|p=686}}{{sfn|''The Indian Express''|2008}} [[Chipo Matimba]] became the first woman to complete the [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]]'s pilot training course in 1996.{{sfn|Girls High School|2015}} On December 17, 1998 [[Kendra Williams]] was credited as the first woman pilot to launch missiles in combat during [[Bombing of Iraq (1998)|Operation Desert Fox]].{{sfn|Navy Personnel Command|2015}} In 1999, [[Caroline Aigle]] received the French Air Force's fighter pilot wings and was assigned to fly the [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5]].{{sfn|''Catholic News Agency''|2007}}

In the civilian sector, [[Veronica Foy]] became the first woman pilot of [[Malawi]] in 1992 and by the close of the decade would become Malawi's first woman captain.{{sfn|Twea|2016}} Also in 1992, [[Silva McLeod]] became the first woman from Tonga to earn a pilot's license. The first black female Mawalian pilot, [[Felistas Magengo-Mkandawire]] began flying as first officer for [[Air Malawi]] in 1995.{{sfn|''Nyasa Times''|2016}} In 1993, [[Aurora Carandang]] became the first woman captain for [[Philippine Airlines]].{{sfn|Philippine Airlines|2015}} [[Asnath Mahapa]], the first black [[South Africa]]n woman, became a pilot in 1998,{{sfn|Humayan|Sealy|Parke|2016}} the same year that [[Nicole Chang Leng]] became the first woman pilot of the [[Seychelles]].{{sfn|''Kreol Magazine''|2011}} In November 1998, [[M'Lis Ward]] became the first African American woman to captain for a major U.S. commercial airline, [[United Airlines]].{{sfn|Hughes|2000|pp=120–124}}{{sfn|Horton|2000|p=14}} Also in 1998, [[Barbara Cassani]] became CEO of the British airline [[Go Fly|Go]], becoming the first female CEO of a commercial airline.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Barbara Cassani '82 |magazine =Vista |volume=4 |number=3 |date=Spring 2000 |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/vista/0002/cassani.shtml |access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref> The same year, [[Aysha Alhameli]] of the United Arab Emirates became the first Emirati female pilot.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.icao.int/Meetings/iwaf2018/Documents/Biographies/Capt.%20Aysha%20Alhameli%20%20Biography.pdf |title=Aysha Alhameli |publisher=Delegation of the United Arab Emirates at ICAO}}</ref>

More organizations to support women in aviation careers were formed. The [[Ninety-Nines]] (the 99s) established the Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund<ref>[https://www.ninety-nines.org/scholarships.htm Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund]</ref> in 1940 to honor her memory and perpetuate her ideals and love of flying. From a single scholarship of $125 in 1941, the annual Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund has provided over $12 million in scholarships to women from around the world to advance and succeed in aviation and aerospace. [[Women in Aviation, International|Women in Aviation International]] (WAI) formed in 1990 and formalized the organization in 1994.{{sfn|''Flying''|1996|p=44}}{{sfn|''Flying''|1997|p=35}} WAI went on to establish the Pioneer Hall of Fame to honor women in aviation who had made special contributions to the field.{{sfn|''Flying''|2000|p=44}} In 1995, the [[Federation of European Women Pilots]] (FEWP) was founded in [[Rome]].{{sfn|''British Women Pilots' Association Newsletter''|2011|p=19}} and two years later the [[Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance]] (AWAM) was formed.{{sfn|Florida Department of Transportation|1996}}

== Notable influential profiles and figures in the aviation industry ==
Over the years since the beginning of the twentieth century, there have been many remarkable moments by women in the aviation industry. However, few were pioneers, and their influence and impact were huge, paving the way for more women to be involved in the different aspects of the aviation industry.

'''[[Harriet Quimby]] – 1875 to 1912'''

A celebrated pioneer in the United States, Quimby was adventurous and encouraged more women to join the aviation industry. Through her weekly articles in various magazines, she challenged women, and through her visions of airlines to ferry people and scheduled air routes, she made a huge contribution towards the growth and the development of the aviation industry.{{sfn|Kerr|2016|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} She warned those who flew aircraft on the dangers of being overconfident and emphasized on the importance of observing safety while piloting. Taught how to fly by John Moisant, Quimby was the first woman to fly across the English Channel.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} As a contributing journalist in magazines, she shared her experiences and the lessons she learned while piloting. In her article "Aviation as a Feminine Sport", Quimby noted that there was no reason as to why women would not be as confident as their male counterparts.{{sfn|McLoone|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} She added that as long as a person observed maximum care, they would not cause any accidents. Quimby had strong belief in the aviation industry of the United States and encouraged more women to take on the air.

'''[[Nancy Harkness Love]] – 1914 to 1976'''

Born in February 1914, Love played an instrumental role in the acceptance of women, both as career and military pilots. At the age of 16 years, with only 15 hours of solo time, she flew a plane from Boston to Poughkeepsie, New York, where the weather changed.{{sfn|Douglas|2010}} She did not know how to read the compass, and with the gauge broken, had to land the plane. She safely landed the plane, an event that would mark her 40-year career in the aviation industry. After earning Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) instrument rating and a seaplane rating in 1940, Love, alongside other 32 pilots, were tasked with flying American airplanes to Canada, from where they would be shipped to France.{{sfn|Weatherford|2009|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} At the age of 28, she was appointed as the Director of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron, WAFS, an organization of women who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft and trained other pilots on how to fly aircraft.{{sfn|Rickman|2009|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} This WAFS organization played a pivotal role in the integration of women pilots to the military. Under her command, women flew every type of military aircraft. In addition, through her firm belief that women could still co-exist with men and take on non-traditional roles, more doors were opened for more women in the aviation industry.

'''[[Jerrie Cobb|Geraldine (Jerrie) Cobb]] – 1931 to 2019'''

Born to a commercial pilot in 1931, Cobb was the first woman to qualify to go into space. Through the help of her father and football coach, who was a flight instructor and owned a plane, she learned how to fly, and by the time of her birthday at 17, she got a private pilot's license.{{sfn|Ackmann|2003|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} Through her savings, which she made while playing softball at semi-professional level, she bought her aircraft, a war surplus Fairchild PT-23. She would later receive her commercial pilot license at the age of 18, permitting her to fly professionally. She later joined the Lovelace Foundation, where she passed all 75 Mercury astronaut tests.{{sfn|Brady|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} After further tests, Cobb, along withhe 11 other astronaut candidates, were chosen for Project Mercury. Even though she would later be dropped based on lacking jet piloting experience, her contribution to the aviation industry inspired many other women to join the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the aviation industry in general.{{sfn|Weitekamp|2004|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}

== Current trends in the aviation industry regarding women ==
[[File:US Navy 080727-N-9493W-004 Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System.jpg|alt=Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General Walter Natynczyk, Canadian chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6)|thumb|[[Air traffic controller|Air Traffic Controller]] 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General [[Walter Natynczyk]], [[Canadians|Canadian]] chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship {{USS|Bonhomme Richard|LHD-6|6}}.]]

Today women's participation in the aviation sector remains low. As of December 2019, just 5.4% (25,485 out of 466,900) of all certified civilian pilots (private and commercial) in the United States were women. In December 1980, there were 26,896 female certified civilian pilots in the United States.<ref name="iwoaw.org">{{Cite web|date=2017-11-18|title=Closing the gender gap in the air and space industry &#124; Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide (iWOAW)|url=https://www.iwoaw.org/|access-date=2022-02-26|language=en-US}}</ref> As of December 2020, the percentage of female civilian pilots (private and commercial in Canada is 8.15%.<ref name="iwoaw.org"/> Canada has seen an increase to 18% of women in [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] jobs.{{sfn|Parker|2016|pp=24–27}} The global average was 3%.{{sfn|Sinha|2014}}

Overall, in 2008, there were only 16% of women working in the manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft.{{sfn|Poole|2008}} Women who work as [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineers]] made up only 25% in the field in 2014.{{sfn|Marcus|2014}} Women make up less than 6% of senior executive level positions in airline companies, as of 2015.{{sfn|Centre for Aviation|2015}} Pakistani pilot [[Ayesha Farooq]] was the first female fighter pilot for the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. At least 19 women became pilots in the air force in the decade from 2003.{{sfn|''Ynetnews''|2013}} [[India]] has been very successful at recruiting women to pilot commercial airliners. In 2014, women made up 11.6% of pilots. Women credit the extended family support systems that exist which help them balance family and career.{{sfn|Sinha|2014}} By 2012, China's PLAAF had trained more than 300 female pilots and over 200 auxiliary air personnel.{{sfn|Allen|Kelly|2012}} Large numbers have been trained to fly China's most advanced combat jets, including the [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]].{{sfn|ChinaFemale|2012}} In 2016, [[Wang Zheng (pilot)|Wang Zheng]] (Julie Wang), now a Silver Airways captain, became the first Asian woman to fly a global circumnavigation and the first Chinese person to pilot an aircraft solo around the world, marking the emergence of women in China's general aviation sector.{{sfn|Sina Travel|2016}}{{sfn|''Yahoo! News''|2016}}

[[File:Wingwalker airshow 2016.jpg|thumb|A wingwalker at an airshow in 2016|left]]

In Japan, the first female captain for commercial passenger flights was [[Ari Fuji]], who began flying as captain for [[JAL Express]] in July 2010.{{sfn|Wang|2010}} In terms of tourism-driven growth in the aviation sector, throughout the [[Asia-Pacific|Asia-Pacific region]], there is a shortage of pilots, which is driving gender biases to be pushed aside for women to be hired. [[Vietnam Airlines]], a major carrier in one of fastest-growing aviation markets, has created flight-schedules that allow flexibility to deal with personal demands. [[EasyJet]] provides scholarships for women pilots to help offset the high cost of training and [[EVA Air]] has actively recruited candidates from university programs.{{sfn|Boudreau|Nguyen|2016}}

In Africa, many of the trained pilots migrate to the [[Middle East]] or Asia where opportunities for career advancement and more sophisticated facilities exist. [[Women Aviators in Africa]] was founded in 2008 in an attempt to mentor and inspire young women to train in the aviation industry, as estimates for women in the field fall considerably below 6%. Though there is a high level of need across Africa for rural aviation, there is insufficient infrastructure to support expansion. Grass-roots efforts have seen success with training for bush pilots in transport, medical assistance and policing. Efforts are on-going to increase the numbers of women because women are less likely to move to other areas if they as able to find sufficient employment and opportunities in their own communities.{{sfn|Grant|2011}} As of 2016, seven of the top ten markets in terms of growth-speed of aviation were in Africa.{{sfn|Boudreau|Nguyen|2016}} In 2022, [[Zara Rutherford]] became the youngest female pilot to fly solo around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teenage pilot Zara Rutherford completes solo round-world record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-59899980 |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120130258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-59899980 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sexism ==
Women often had to work hard to prove themselves as capable as men in the field. [[Clare Boothe Luce|Clare Booth Luce]] wrote, "Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, 'She doesn't have what it takes.' They will say, 'Women don't have what it takes.'"{{Sfn|Gibson|2013|p=2}} Pioneer aviator, [[Claude Grahame-White]] felt that women were "not 'temperamentally suited' to handle the controls of an airplane".{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=308}}

During the first National [[Women's Air Derby]] in 1929, women flying the race faced "threats of sabotage and headlines that read, 'Race Should Be Stopped.'"{{sfn|Gant|2001|pp=11–12}} Because flying was considered dangerous, many [[Aerospace manufacturer|aircraft manufacturers]] in the late 1920s hired women as sales representatives and flight demonstrators. "The reasoning was that if a woman could fly an airplane, it really could not be that difficult or dangerous."{{Sfn|Bednarek|Bednarek|2003|p=49}}{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=308–309}}

In 1986, a spokesperson for the [[Air Line Pilots Association, International|Airline Pilot's Association]] said that the reason there were only two women [[Boeing 747]] captains at the time was "because women in aviation are a relatively recent phenomenon and everything in the airlines industry is done by seniority".{{sfn|Dean|1986|pp=1–4}} In 1927, [[Marga von Etzdorf]] became the world's first woman to fly for an airline, [[Lufthansa]]. In 1934, however, [[Helen Richey]] became the first woman to fly a commercial airliner in the United States, but quit that job in ten months because the all-male pilot's union would not admit her, and she rarely got to fly.{{sfn|Holden|2001}} Airlines continue to discriminate against women until it became illegal thanks to the [[Civil Rights]] movement. In 1969, [[Jacqueline Dubut]] was hired by [[Air Inter]] and became the first female airline pilot post [[Civil Rights]] movement.

Biases toward women's traditional roles with men in the cockpit and women serving beverages and blankets have become ingrained, forcing women who want to fly to struggle with the attitudes of both co-workers and society.{{sfn|Boudreau|Nguyen|2016}}

A survey conducted by Mitchell, Krstivics & Vermeulen in 2005 found that many women pilots were either unaware of sexism directed towards them or had not experienced any sexism directly. However, many women believe that more women are experiencing prejudice than are admitting it.{{sfn|Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia|2015}}

=== Diversity in the classroom ===
Even though in history, women faced exclusion from education, the end of the Civil War signified a new era where women were then allowed to attend classes side by side with the men. More recently, the rates of women attending classes and going through education systems have improved significantly. In 1970, 42.3 percent of the undergraduate students were women, a figure which has grown up to 56.1 percent in 2007.{{sfn|Williams|2019}} This improvement is key, as it signifies that women have the access to education and training programs than ever before.{{sfn|Parvazian|Gill|Chiera|2017}} Contextually, women can access the needed aviation training just like their male counterparts. Therefore, it eliminates the basis of women being incapable of handling particular job profiles and not being capable of working in certain capacities. Thus, women ought to have the same opportunities as men, given the abundance of skills and expertise.{{sfn|Ison|2010}}

=== Wage inequalities and career advancement ===
Wage inequality between men and women has not only been a talking point in the aviation industry but also in other industries where women are paid significantly less than men.{{sfn|Morris|2016}} Despite possessing the same skills, expertise, and experience, women are not paid the same in the industry. In addition to the skewed wage structure, the organization culture in the industry has continually favored men regarding career advancement up the ladder.{{sfn|Chapman|Benis|2017}} Few women advance their careers in the aviation industry as many top positions are held by men. Women have faced a tough time, climbing from the bottom of the ladder up, while men have seamlessly and without a struggle, spend less time at the lower tiers of the career ladder before assuming top positions.{{sfn|Härkönen|Manzoni|Bihagen|2016}} In recent attempts to lessen the barrier between men and women in the aviation field programs to help even the playing field have become more abundant. Programs such as A-WING, a program run by over 60 volunteers aims to teach more young women about the aviation job opportunities. The organization is funded through donations which are used to produce educational materials, create speaking and networking opportunities and enable attendance at job fairs and get more women into the aerospace field. Their goal is to increase women in the aerospace job field by 25% by 2025, a goal they call "25 by 25". Programs like these are becoming more prominent in modern society to help with the inequalities in career advancement for women in aviation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=An Aviation Executive is Trying to Level The Playing Field |url=https://www.flyingmag.com/an-aviation-executive-is-trying-to-level-the-playing-field/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=FLYING Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Solutions to gender ==

=== Affirmative action ===
Previous studies demonstrate that affirmative action has compelled women to develop their careers as pilots. It has motivated women to take up the challenges and enter the male-dominated occupation.{{sfn|Ryan|Branscombe|2013}} Following the success of this initiative thus far, albeit unsatisfactorily, it is important that it is continuously implemented to make it easy for women to enter in the aviation industry and progress up the career ladder up to the top management positions. A positive attitude and a change of culture in the aviation industry are needed if men will change their perspective regarding the involvement of women in the aviation industry.{{sfn|Tinoco|Rivera|2017}}

=== Funding initiatives ===
Even though the tuition fees for tertiary institutions is not analyzed in this study, receiving the required training and knowledge requires a substantial financial investment. An extensive research found that these tuition and training fees are paid by either parent, the students, or through loans.{{sfn|OECD|2015}} Given the level of high fees paid during the training, and considering the low incomes paid to women at the start of their careers, it is important that they incentivized in their studies and training.{{sfn|Klugman|Hanmer|Twigg|Hasan|2014}} Given the high costs of qualifications, the costly nature of the relevant licenses, and the time consumed, many aviation students end up discontinuing their studies. An increasing number of women scholarships since the 1980s had no impact on the number of women in the industry.

=== Cultural evolution ===
Attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudices are embedded in culture and have played a significant role in inequality in the aviation industry. It, therefore, important that men are educated on the impact of these attitudes and prejudices against women. They have to be educated on how their behavior affects pilots and why it is important to evolve the culture in the aviation industry.{{sfn|Heilman|2001}} Having an understanding of the impacts of these attitudes helps in forging great relationships and interactions amongst the diverse flight crews. Women also need to be encouraged to take up these careers to address the underlying problem where women have previously been discouraged from pursuing a professional career in aviation.{{sfn|Neal-Smith|Cockburn|2009}}

==See also==
*[[Timeline of women in aviation]]
*[[List of women aviators]]
*[[Women of Aviation Worldwide Week]]
*[[Women in Aviation, International]]
*[[Ninety-Nines]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|Ying|2012}}|last1=影 (Ying)|first1=苏 (Su)|title=中国首位女飞行员是广东美女：与胡蝶周璇并称七姐妹|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-04/13/c_122972063.htm|access-date=18 December 2016|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|publisher=羊城晚报 ([[Yangcheng Evening News]])|date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925204653/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-04/13/c_122972063.htm|archive-date=25 September 2013|location=Guangzhou, Guangdong, China|language=zh|trans-title=Guangdong, China's first female pilots are beauties: the butterfly, Zhou Xuan, and those called the seven sisters}}
*{{cite book|last1=Zakharov|first1=Vladimir Petrovich|title=Первый военный аэродром (The first military airfield)|date=1988|publisher=Voen. izd-vo|location=Moskva|isbn=5-203-00540-0|pages=37–49|chapter-url=http://militera.lib.ru/h/zaharov_vp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202213456/http://militera.lib.ru/h/zaharov_vp/03.html|archive-date=2 December 2016|language=ru|chapter=Из племени крылатых|trans-title=Of the Winged Tribe}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''MiCampus Magazine''|2016}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=19 Year old Woman becomes Africa's Youngest Pilot|url=http://www.micampusmag.co.za/2016/08/19-year-old-woman-becomes-africas-youngest-pilot/|access-date=21 December 2016|work=MiCampus Magazine|date=July 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221235140/http://www.micampusmag.co.za/2016/08/19-year-old-woman-becomes-africas-youngest-pilot/|archive-date=21 December 2016}}
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*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|South African Power Flying Association|2010}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=1910 to 1920—Early Flying in South Africa|url=http://www.sapfa.org.za/history/1910-1920-early-flying-south-africa|date=2010|website=SAPFA|publisher=South African Power Flying Association|access-date=12 December 2016|location=Cape Town, South Africa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410051800/http://sapfa.org.za/history/1910-1920-early-flying-south-africa|archive-date=10 April 2016}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''Scandinavian Traveler''|2016}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=1970s: Turi Widerøe takes the world by storm|url=https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/aviation/1970s-turi-wideroe-takes-the-world-by-storm|date=24 June 2016|work=Scandinavian Traveler|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063309/https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/aviation/1970s-turi-wideroe-takes-the-world-by-storm|archive-date=23 December 2016|location=Solna, Sweden}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Jamaica Observer''|2010}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=1979—Jamaica's First Female Commercial Jet Airline Pilot|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/Female-Pilots|access-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Jamaica Observer]]|date=March 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224194000/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/Female-Pilots|archive-date=24 December 2015|location=Kingston, Jamaica}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Federal Aviation Administration|2010}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=2010 U.S. Civil Airmen Statistics|url=http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/civil_airmen_statistics/2010/|date=May 2, 2010|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=May 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006054421/http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/civil_airmen_statistics/2010/|archive-date=6 October 2014|location=Washington, DC}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2007}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Air Travel and Segregation|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/america-by-air/online/heyday/heyday13.cfm|website=Air and Space|publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601054048/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/america-by-air/online/heyday/heyday13.cfm|archive-date=1 June 2016|location=Washington, DC|date=2007}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The World Magazine''|1909}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=The American Girl Who All Europe is Watching|url=http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Wright_Family/Katharine_Wright/The_American_Girl.htm|date=11 April 1909|work=The World Magazine|access-date=29 November 2016|via=Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429164306/http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Wright_Family/Katharine_Wright/The_American_Girl.htm|archive-date=29 April 2016|location=West Milton, Ohio}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Yahoo! News''|2016}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=AOPA China Honors Julie Wang (Wang Zheng), First Chinese Person to Fly Solo Around-the-World, at AirShow China 2016|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/aopa-china-honors-julie-wang-130000423.html|access-date=26 December 2016|agency=Business Wire|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226184015/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/aopa-china-honors-julie-wang-130000423.html|archive-date=26 December 2016|location=Sunnyvale, California}}
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Florida Department of Transportation|1996}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Aviation Professional Organizations|url=http://www.fdot.gov/aviation/organizations.shtm|website=[[Florida Department of Transportation]]|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229194415/http://www.fdot.gov/aviation/organizations.shtm|archive-date=29 December 2016|location=Tallahassee, Florida|date=1996}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Aero Club of New England|2011}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Awards: The History of the Godfrey L. Cabot Award Recipients|url=http://www.acone.org/awards|website=ACONE|publisher=Aero Club of New England|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919164411/http://www.acone.org/awards|archive-date=19 September 2016|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=2011}}
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The National Mirror''|2014}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Captain Chinyere O. Kalu: Nigeria's first female pilot|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/captain-chinyere-o-kalu-nigerias-first-female-pilot/|access-date=19 December 2016|publisher=[[National Mirror|The National Mirror]]|date=January 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813074749/http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/captain-chinyere-o-kalu-nigerias-first-female-pilot/|archive-date=13 August 2014|url-status=usurped|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ChinaFemale|2012}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=China's Female J-10 Fighter Pilots |url=https://www.military.com/video/specialties-and-personnel/pilots/chinas-female-j-10-fighter-pilots/1789614824001 | agency=[[China Daily]] | work=[[Military.com]] | date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530001418/http://www.military.com/video/specialties-and-personnel/pilots/chinas-female-j-10-fighter-pilots/1789614824001 |archive-date=30 May 2016 | url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Sina Travel|2016}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=中国首位环飞女飞行员王争：华人女首飞书写航空传奇|url=http://travel.sina.com.cn/china/2016-12-05/1918343590.shtml?domain=travel.sina.com.cn&vt=70|date=5 December 2016|website=新浪旅游 (Sina Travel)|publisher=[[Sina Corp]]|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226182709/http://travel.sina.com.cn/china/2016-12-05/1918343590.shtml?domain=travel.sina.com.cn&vt=70|archive-date=26 December 2016|location=Beijing, China|language=zh|trans-title=China's first female pilot Wang Zheng: Chinese women's first flight to write aviation legend}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|National Aviation Hall of Fame|2006}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Coleman, Bessie|url=http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/coleman-bessie/|website=National Aviation Organization|publisher=The [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]]|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130215808/http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/coleman-bessie/|archive-date=30 November 2016|location=Dayton, Ohio|date=2006}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Brock University|2006}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Dorothy Rungeling fonds RG 517|url=https://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/6175|website=Digital Repository|publisher=[[Brock University]]|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806132916/https://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/6175|archive-date=6 August 2016|location=St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada|date=2006}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Tadias Magazine''|2010}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Ethiopian Airlines Appoints First Female Captain|url=http://www.tadias.com/10/15/2010/ethiopian-airlines-appoints-first-female-captain/|access-date=20 December 2016|work=Tadias Magazine|date=15 October 2010|location=New York, New York}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''British Women Pilots' Association Newsletter''|2011}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Federation of European Women Pilots (FEWP) Annual Congress|magazine=British Women Pilots' Association Newsletter|date=Summer 2011|issue=99|page=19|url=http://bwpa.co.uk/docs/news11/Summer2011.pdf|access-date=29 December 2016|publisher=British Women Pilots' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809112433/http://bwpa.co.uk/docs/news11/Summer2011.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2016|location=Weybridge, Surrey, England}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Guyana Chronicle''|2014}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Female pioneer pilot impressed with transformation of local aviation industry|url=http://guyanachronicle.com/2014/11/16/female-pioneer-pilot-impressed-with-transformation-of-local-aviation-industry|access-date=18 December 2016|newspaper=[[Guyana Chronicle]]|date=November 16, 2014|location=Georgetown, Guyana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218001724/http://guyanachronicle.com/2014/11/16/female-pioneer-pilot-impressed-with-transformation-of-local-aviation-industry|archive-date=18 December 2016}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''La Libre''|2003}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Femme Pilote, Une Evolution Naturelle|url=http://www.lalibre.be/economie/libre-entreprise/femme-pilote-une-evolution-naturelle-51b87f5ae4b0de6db9a9063d|access-date=28 December 2016|location=Brussels, Belgium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208074000/http://www.lalibre.be/economie/libre-entreprise/femme-pilote-une-evolution-naturelle-51b87f5ae4b0de6db9a9063d|archive-date=8 February 2016|date=16 August 2003|work=La Libre|language=fr|trans-title=A Woman Pilot, a Natural Evolution}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Air Ambulance International|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=First Female Air Ambulance Pioneer—Marie Marvingt|url=https://www.airambulanceinternational.com/blog/first-female-air-ambulance-pioneer-marie-marvingt/|access-date=1 December 2016|publisher=Air Ambulance International|date=October 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201172318/https://www.airambulanceinternational.com/blog/first-female-air-ambulance-pioneer-marie-marvingt/|archive-date=1 December 2016|location=Houston, Texas}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Index-Journal''|1974}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=First Ladies of Aviation Seek More Safety|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7683928//|date=31 August 1974|work=The Index-Journal|access-date=1 December 2016|location=Greenwood, South Carolina|via=Newspapers.com}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Federal Aviation Administration|n.d.}}|title=The First Women Controllers|url=https://www.faa.gov/about/history/people/media/The_First_Women_Controllers.pdf|website=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Transportation]]|date=n.d.|location=Washington, DC}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Centennial of Women Pilots: Barnes|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Florence Lowe Barnes—USA|url=http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/florence-lowe-barnes-usa/|date=July 25, 2015|website=Centennial of Women Pilots|publisher=Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325072831/http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/florence-lowe-barnes-usa/|archive-date=25 March 2016|location=Vancouver, Canada}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''BBC''|2004}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Flying the flag for Somali peace|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3723142.stm|access-date=20 December 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=7 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3723142.stm|archive-date=4 March 2016|location=London, England}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Catholic News Agency''|2007}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=From fighter pilot to courageous mother: the story of Caroline Aigle|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/10494/from-fighter-pilot-to-courageous-mother-the-story-of-caroline-aigle|access-date=29 December 2016|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=26 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222083110/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/from_fighter_pilot_to_courageous_mother_the_story_of_caroline_aigle/|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live|location=Denver, Colorado}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Detroit Free Press''|1920}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Girl's Nerve Unshaken by Tinney Death|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7681151/detroit_free_press/|date=September 7, 1920|newspaper=[[The Detroit Free Press]]|access-date=1 December 2016|location=Detroit, Michigan|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Kreol Magazine''|2011}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Head in the Clouds, Feet on the Ground Seychelles Women Who Excel|magazine=Kreol Magazine|date=October 2, 2011|url=http://www.kreolmagazine.com/arts-culture/people-of-note/head-in-the-clouds-feet-on-the-ground-seychelles-women-who-excel/|access-date=20 December 2016|publisher=Rila Publications Ltd|location=London, England|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404075705/http://www.kreolmagazine.com/arts-culture/people-of-note/head-in-the-clouds-feet-on-the-ground-seychelles-women-who-excel/|archive-date=4 April 2016}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Ottawa Journal''|1951}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Hemisphere Hopper from Rio Reaches Ottawa|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7882847/the_ottawa_journal/|date=27 August 1951|newspaper=[[The Ottawa Journal]]|access-date=16 December 2016|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Highlights of Louise Sacchi's Aviation History|url=http://www.ninety-nines.org/sachi.html|publisher=[[The Ninety Nines]]|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514105856/http://www.ninety-nines.org/sachi.html|archive-date=14 May 2008|location=Oklahoma City, Oklahoma}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Philippine Airlines|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=History and Milestone|url=https://www.philippineairlines.com/AboutUs/HistoryAndMilestone|website=[[Philippine Airlines]]|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042455/http://www.philippineairlines.com/AboutUs/HistoryAndMilestone|archive-date=31 March 2016|location=Pasay, Philippines|date=2015}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Somali Aviation Resource Center|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=The History of Somali Aviation Resource Center|url=http://somavires.org/history2.html|website=Somavires|publisher=Somali Aviation Resource Center|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411133921/http://somavires.org/history2.html|archive-date=11 April 2013|location=Mogadishu, Somalia|url-status=usurped|date=2013}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Oregon Daily Journal''|1909}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=How Much the Wright Brothers Owe to Their Sister Katherine|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7652099//|date=6 June 1909|work=[[The Oregon Daily Journal]]|access-date=29 November 2016|location=Portland, Oregon|via=Newspapers.com}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Huffington Post''|2011}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=IndiGo Airlines Passenger Refuses To Fly With Female Pilot|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/indigo-airlines-female-pilot_n_828122.html|date=25 February 2011|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311084732/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/indigo-airlines-female-pilot_n_828122.html|archive-date=11 March 2016}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Lufthansa|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=In the Lufthansa cockpit 25 years on|url=https://www.lufthansagroup.com/en/press/news-releases/singleview/archive/2013/august/22/article/2552.html|website=[[Lufthansa]]|publisher=Lufthansa Group|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929003349/http://www.lufthansagroup.com/en/press/news-releases/singleview/archive/2013/august/22/article/2552.html|archive-date=29 September 2014|location=Cologne, Germany|date=22 August 2013}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Katherine Wright|url=http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Wright_Family/Katharine_Wright/Katharine_Wright.htm|date=2013|website=Wright Brothers Organization|publisher=Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429180719/http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Wright_Family/Katharine_Wright/Katharine_Wright.htm|archive-date=29 April 2016|location=West Milton, Ohio}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Singapore Council of Women's Organisations|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Koh Chai Hong|url=http://www.swhf.sg/the-inductees/name/23-uniformed-professions/407-koh-chai-hong|website=Singapore Women's Hall of Fame|publisher=Singapore Council of Women's Organisations|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032326/http://www.swhf.sg/the-inductees/name/23-uniformed-professions/407-koh-chai-hong|archive-date=5 March 2016|location=Singapore|date=2015}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''BBC News Magazine''|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Latifa Nabizada—Afghanistan's First Woman of the Skies|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22943454|date=19 June 2013|work=BBC News Magazine|access-date=3 December 2016|location=London, England|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091751/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22943454|archive-date=20 December 2016}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=L'Hommage Historique de Tunisair aux Femmes|url=http://www.oaca.nat.tn/index.php?id=1225&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=898&cHash=87226e67b268955ddd5a89bad7adaa47|website=Office de l'Aviation Civile et des Aeroports|publisher=République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830044623/http://www.oaca.nat.tn/index.php?id=1225&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=898&cHash=87226e67b268955ddd5a89bad7adaa47|archive-date=30 August 2013|location=Tunis, Tunisia|language=fr|date=15 August 2013|trans-title=Tunisair's Historic Tribute to Women}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|오마이뉴스|2004}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=식민지 조선의 여자비행사로 산다는 것|url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000178490|access-date=19 December 2016|publisher=오마이뉴스 ([[OhmyNews]])|date=1 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306014827/http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000178490|archive-date=6 March 2016|location=Seoul, Korea|language=ko|trans-title=Living as a female aviator in colonial Korea}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Centennial of Women Pilots: Etzdorf|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Marga von Etzdorf—Germany|url=http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marga-von-etzdorf-germany/|website=Centennial of Women Pilots|publisher=Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080456/http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marga-von-etzdorf-germany/|archive-date=8 December 2015|location=Vancouver, Canada|date=July 25, 2015}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Air Ambulance International|n.d.}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Marie Marvingt: Air Ambulance Pioneer|url=http://www.airambulanceservice.com/marvingt|access-date=3 December 2016|publisher=Air Ambulance International|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205231236/http://www.airambulanceservice.com/marvingt|archive-date=5 December 2016|location=Houston, Texas}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Centennial of Women Pilots: Raskova|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Marina Mikhailovna Raskova—Russia|url=http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marina-mikhailovna-raskova-russia/|date=July 25, 2015|website=Centennial of Women Pilots|publisher=Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214045314/http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marina-mikhailovna-raskova-russia/|archive-date=14 December 2016|location=Vancouver, Canada}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Ynetnews''|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Meet Pakistan's first female fighter pilot|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4394649,00.html|access-date=26 December 2016|agency=Reuters|work=[[Ynetnews]]|date=19 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051115/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4394649,00.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|location=Tel Aviv, Israel}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Brainerd Daily Dispatch''|1921}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Miss Phoebe Fairgrave|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7679369/miss_phoebe_fairgrave_the_brainerd/|date=7 September 1921|publisher=[[Brainerd Dispatch|The Brainerd Daily Dispatch]]|access-date=1 December 2016|location=Brainard, Minnesota|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Gazette''|1921}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Mrs. A. Langstaff Had Captain H. D. Wilshire as Her Passenger|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette|The Gazette]]|date=26 December 1921|page=3|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36351666/mrs_a_langstaff_had_captain_h_d/|access-date=25 September 2019|location=Montreal, Quebec, Canada|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Monash University|2009}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Nancy Bird-Walton, O.B.E (1915–2009)|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/nancy_bird_walton_bio.html#nbw_01|work=Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology|publisher=[[Monash University]] (CTIE)|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803020226/http://ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/nancy_bird_walton_bio.html|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=dead|date=26 May 2009}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|1992}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Navy Honors|department=Logbook|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=April 1992|volume=119|issue=4|pages=34–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOEIdgY_F20C&pg=PA34|access-date=2021-01-24|issn=0015-4806}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2016}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=On This Day: First U.S. Female to Earn Pilot's License|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/day-first-female-earn-pilot%E2%80%99s-license|website=Air and Space Smithsonian Institution|date=August 1, 2016|publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130215146/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/day-first-female-earn-pilot%E2%80%99s-license|archive-date=30 November 2016|location=Washington, DC}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004a}} |author=<!--No by-line--> |title=Pilot Stories: Ruth Law |url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_law.html |website=Postal Museum |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721201609/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_law.html |archive-date=21 July 2016 |location=Washington, DC |date=2004a }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004b}} |author=<!--No by-line--> |title=Pilot Stories: The Stinsons |url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_stinsons.html |website=Postal Museum |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721201619/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_stinsons.html |archive-date=21 July 2016 |location=Washington, DC |date=2004b }}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Girls High School|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Profile for Captain Chipo M. Matimba|url=http://www.ghs.ac.zw/profile.html|website=Girls High School|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223082520/http://www.ghs.ac.zw/profile.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|publisher=[[Girls High School, Harare]]|date=2015}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Variety''|1962}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Review: 'Come Fly with Me'|url=https://variety.com/1962/film/reviews/come-fly-with-me-1200420427/|access-date=6 December 2016|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 31, 1962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610164953/http://variety.com/1962/film/reviews/come-fly-with-me-1200420427/|archive-date=10 June 2016|location=Los Angeles, California}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|2012}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=SAWIA Profiles & Celebrates Pioneering Women in Aviation & Aerospace from the African Continent|url=https://issuu.com/sawia/docs/sawia_womens-month_2012_profiles_1-august|publisher=Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|access-date=19 December 2016|location=Pretoria, South Africa|page=5|date=July 30, 2012}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''St. Louis Post-Dispatch''|1909}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Sister Who Glories in Wrights' Air Triumphs|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7652021//|date=22 March 1909|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|access-date=29 November 2016|location=St. Louis, Missouri|via=Newspapers.com}}
*{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Monash University|2002}} |author=<!--No by-line--> |title=Suzanne Melk (1908–1951) |date=August 4, 2002 |url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/melk.html |access-date=2020-02-07 |work=Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology |publisher=[[Monash University]] (CTIE) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108094026/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/melk.html |archive-date=2020-01-08 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|''The AOPA Pilot''|1962}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Those Whirly-Girls |journal=The AOPA Pilot|date=1962|volume=5|pages=70–72|publisher=[[Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association]] |location=Frederick, Maryland}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|2008}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Time Line: Women in the U.S. Military|date=2008|publisher=[[Colonial Williamsburg|Colonial Williamsburg Foundation]]|url=http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/images/nov/women_military_timeline.pdf|website=History.org|access-date=10 December 2016|location=Williamsburg, Virginia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084454/http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/images/nov/women_military_timeline.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016}}
*{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Parachute History|2001}} |author=<!--No by-line--> |title=Tiny Broadwick |date=2001 |url=http://www.parachutehistory.com/women/broadwickt.html |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916052753/http://www.parachutehistory.com/women/broadwickt.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |website=Parachute History }}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''Harrisburg Daily Independent''|1908}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=To Be Near Brother Katherine Wright is Making Home Near Hospital|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7651977//|date=19 September 1908|work=Harrisburg Daily Independent|access-date=29 November 2016|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|via=Newspapers.com}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Tribune 242''|2012}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Trio Of Female Captains Make History|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/may/23/trio-of-female-captains-make-history/|access-date=23 December 2016|publisher=Tribune 242|date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912073806/http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/may/23/trio-of-female-captains-make-history/|archive-date=12 September 2012|location=Nassau, The Bahamas}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Nyasa Times''|2016}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Two Malawi female pilots: Steady take-off|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/two-malawi-female-pilots-steady-take-off/|access-date=21 December 2016|publisher=[[Nyasa Times]]|date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719233005/http://www.nyasatimes.com/two-malawi-female-pilots-steady-take-off/|archive-date=19 July 2016|location=San Francisco, California}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|2000}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=WAI Seeks Nominees for Hall of Fame|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=September 2000|volume=127|issue=9|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHJzEYdWN5cC&pg=PA44|access-date=29 December 2016|issn=0015-4806}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2014}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Wake up Call: The Decade After: Nov 1905 to Oct 1909|website=Wright Brothers Organization|url=http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Decade_After/Wake_Up_Call/Wake_Up_Call_3.htm|date=2014|publisher=Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118232919/http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Decade_After/Wake_Up_Call/Wake_Up_Call_3.htm|archive-date=18 November 2016|location=West Milton, Ohio}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Centre for Aviation|2015}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Why don't women run airlines? Part 1: 94% of airlines are led by men|url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/why-dont-women-run-airlines-part-1-94-of-airlines-are-led-by-men-217930|date=10 April 2015|website=Centre for Aviation|location=Sydney, Australia|publisher=Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA)|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101039/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/why-dont-women-run-airlines-part-1-94-of-airlines-are-led-by-men-217930|archive-date=29 December 2016}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Pittsburg Daily Headlight''|1912}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Woman Aviator Known as "Tomboy of the Air"|date=October 19, 1912|newspaper=[[The Morning Sun (Pittsburg)|The Pittsburg Daily Headlight]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7680725/the_pittsburg_daily_headlight/|access-date=1 December 2016|location=Pittsburg, Kansas|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Indian Express''|2008}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Woman IAF flying cadet killed in trainer crash|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/woman-iaf-flying-cadet-killed-in-trainer-crash/308622/|date=May 13, 2008|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194314/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/woman-iaf-flying-cadet-killed-in-trainer-crash/308622/|archive-date=22 February 2014|location=Noida, India}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The New York Times''|1909}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=A Woman Inventor Who Plans – And Expects – To Fly|date=28 November 1909|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/11/28/106723872.pdf|access-date=1 December 2016}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Texas Women's University|2013}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Women Airforce Service Pilots Digital Archive|url=http://twudigital.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p214coll2|date=2013|website=Gateway to Women's History|publisher=Texas Women's University|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001523/http://twudigital.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p214coll2|archive-date=4 November 2016|location=Denton, Texas}}
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*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|1997}}|author=<!--No by-line-->|title=Women in Aviation Annual Meeting|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=June 1997|volume=124|issue=6|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNHz-kt9n0C&pg=PA35|access-date=29 December 2016|issn=0015-4806}}
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==Further reading==
*Douglas, Deborah G. ''United States Women in Aviation, 1940–1985''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-16-004587-8}}
*Marck, Bernard. ''Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Making History in Air and Space''. Paris: Flammarion, 2009. {{ISBN|978-2-08-030108-6}}
*{{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Keith |title=Fly Girls: How Five Daring Women Defied All Odds and Made Aviation History |isbn=978-1328876645 |year=2018 |publisher=Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}}
*Oakes, Claudia M. ''United States Women in Aviation Through World War I''. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. {{OCLC|3608805}}
*Pennington, Reina, and John Erickson. ''Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat''. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7006-1145-2}}
*Strebe, Amy Goodpaster. ''Flying for Her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots of World War II''. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-59797-266-6}}

[[Category:Women in history]]
[[Category:Women aviators| ]]
[[Category:History of aviation]]