wikipedia>InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-08-27T00:06:47Z

Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

New page

{{Short description|Aircraft with combined electric and combustion propulsion}}
A '''hybrid electric aircraft''' is an [[aircraft]] with a [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric]] powertrain. As the [[energy density]] of [[lithium-ion batteries]] is much lower than [[aviation fuel]], a hybrid electric powertrain may effectively increase flight range compared to pure [[electric aircraft]].
By May 2018, there were over 30 hybrid electric aircraft projects, and [[short-haul]] hybrid-electric airliners were envisioned from 2032.

== History ==

The [[Boeing Truss-Braced Wing]] subsonic concept was planned with hybrid electric propulsion.<ref>{{cite web |title= Boeing Feature Story: Envisioning tomorrow's aircraft |publisher= Boeing |date= 2010-08-16 |url= http://www.boeing.com/Features/2010/06/corp_envision_06_14_10.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130906062915/http://www.boeing.com/Features/2010/06/corp_envision_06_14_10.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-09-06 }}</ref>
The [[Diamond DA36 E-Star]] first flew on 8 June 2011, the first flight of a [[series hybrid]] powertrain, reducing fuel consumption and emissions by up to 25%, a technology scalable to a 100-seater airliner.<ref name=AVWeb23Jun11/> A small and {{cvt|100|kg}} lighter [[Austro Engine]] 40 hp (30 kW) [[Wankel engine]] generates the electricity, supplemented by [[EADS]] batteries for silent take off, feeding a [[Siemens]] 70 kW (94 hp) electric motor turning the propeller.<ref name=AVWeb23Jun11>{{Cite news |url= https://www.avweb.com/news/hybrid-powered-aircraft-in-paris/ |title= Hybrid Powered Aircraft In Paris |author= Glenn Pew|date = June 23, 2011|work = AvWeb}}</ref>
The [[AgustaWestland Project Zero]] was intended to be hybrid-electric.

=== 2011 ===
[[NASA]] sponsored a [[centennial challenge]] to encourage the development of the world's most fuel-efficient airplane.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/general_aviation/|title= Green Flight Challenge|publisher= [[NASA]]|access-date= 2020-04-13|archive-date= 2020-08-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200810062635/https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/general_aviation/|url-status= dead}}</ref> The contest was co-sponsored by [[Google]] and conducted in California. Amongst the entrants was the world's first parallel gas-electric hybrid aircraft called the [[EcoEagle]], built by students of [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]], two electric airplanes - the [[Pipistrel Taurus]] G4 and the [[eGenius]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/general_aviation/erau-1.html|title=The EcoEagle|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201428/https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/general_aviation/erau-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
Faradair Aerospace launches a Triple Box-wing hybrid electric aircraft concept Called the BEHA (Bio Electric Hybrid Aircraft) as one of the world's first regional aircraft specifically designed for hybrid electric regional flight. The UK start-up has continued development from the initial concept to the latest BEHA M1H variant, with future opportunity for unmanned and all electric variants. The E-STOL BEHA has gained support from key members of the UK Government and the airframe development has been conducted at Swansea University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bio-Fuel Powered Electric Triplane Launches On Kickstarter|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/27/bio-fuel-powered-electric-triplane-launches-on-kickstarter/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===

[[Zunum Aero]], backed by [[Boeing]] and [[JetBlue]], is working since 2014 on a family of 10- to 50-seat [[hybrid electric]] [[regional aircraft]].<ref name=AvWeek5Apr2017>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/boeing-jetblue-back-hybrid-electric-regional-startup |title= Boeing, JetBlue Back Hybrid-Electric Regional Startup |date= Apr 5, 2017 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology }}</ref> On 5 October 2017, Zunum launched the development of a six-to-twelve-seat aircraft. Aiming to fly in 2020 and be delivered in 2022, it should lower operating costs by 40–80% to reach [[available seat miles]] (ASM) costs of a 78-seat [[Dash 8-Q400]].<ref name=Flight5oct2017>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/zunum-launches-hybrid-electric-aircraft-for-regional-441877/ |title= Zunum launches hybrid-electric aircraft for regional market |date= Oct 5, 2017 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>

On 28 November 2017, [[Airbus]] announced a partnership with [[Rolls-Royce plc]] and [[Siemens]] to develop the [[E-Fan X]] hybrid-electric [[airliner]] demonstrator, to fly in 2020.<ref name=28nov2017PR>{{cite press release |url= https://www.siemens.com/press//pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2017/corporate/PR2017110098COEN.pdf |title= Airbus, Rolls-Royce, and Siemens team up for electric future |date= 28 Nov 2017 |publisher= Airbus, Rolls-Royce, Siemens }} ([http://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2017/11/airbus--rolls-royce--and-siemens-team-up-for-electric-future-par.html Airbus], [https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases/yr-2017/28-11-2017-airbus-rr-and-siemens-team-up-for-electric-future.aspx Rolls-Royce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106203218/https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases/2017/28-11-2017-airbus-rr-and-siemens-team-up-for-electric-future.aspx |date=2023-11-06 }}, [https://www.siemens.com/press/PR2017110098COEN Siemens])</ref>

=== 2018 ===

The 1,300-shp [[GE Catalyst]] could be used in hybrid-electric propulsion: in late 2016, [[General Electric]] modified a [[GE F110]] fighter turbofan to extract 250 kW from its {{abbr|HP|high-pressure}} turbine and 750 kW from its {{abbr|LP|low-pressure}} turbine, supported by the [[USAF Research Laboratory]] and NASA, developed and tested a 1-megawatt electric motor/generator with [[GE Global Research]], and tested a liquid-cooled [[inverter]] converting 2,400-volt DC to three-phase AC with [[silicon carbide]]-based switches and 1.7-kW [[metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor|MOSFET]] power modules.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/ge-s-catalyst-could-lead-way-hybrid-electric-power |title= GE's Catalyst Could Lead Way To Hybrid-Electric Power |date= May 23, 2018 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

Industry experts expects a 50+ seat hybrid-electric airliner to debut in commercial operation by 2032 for routes like London-Paris.<ref name=AvWeek24aug2018>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/aerospace-sector-could-see-overhaul-electric-propulsion |title= Aerospace Sector Could See Overhaul From Electric Propulsion |date= Aug 24, 2018 |author=Michael Bruno |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

By November of 2018, [[Zunum Aero]] offices have been closed and all 70 staff members laid off as the programme comes to an end.

The [[European Union|EU]] funded the [[Hypstair]] program with €6.55 million over three years till 2016 for a [[technology readiness level|TRL]] of 4: a [[Pipistrel Panthera]] mockup received a [[serial hybrid]]-electric powertrain, ground testing a 200-kW motor driven by batteries only, by a 100-kW generator-only and by both combined.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/>
It is followed by [[Modular Hybrid Electric Propulsion Architecture|Mahepa]] project from 2017, EU-funded over four years with €9 million under the [[Horizon 2020]] research program to reduce aviation [[carbon emissions]] by 70% in 2050, till TRL 6 before entering product development.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/>

The Panthera drivetrain will be divided in modules: [[electric motor]] [[thrust]] generator and [[internal combustion]] [[power generator]] in the nose, [[human-machine interface]] and [[computing]], fuel and batteries in the wing.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/> Ground testing is planned for 2019 before flight tests in 2020.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/>

[[File:Pipistrel Taurus G4 take-off at 2011 Green Flight Challenge.jpg|thumb|The [[Pipistrel Taurus G4]] taking off from the [[Sonoma County Airport]] in California]] The dual-fuselage, four-seat, battery-powered [[Pipistrel Taurus G4]] received a [[Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt|DLR]] [[hydrogen fuel cell]] powertrain to fly as the HY4 in September 2016, with [[hydrogen tank]]s and batteries in the fuselages, fuel cells and motor in the central [[nacelle]].<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/> Partners are German motor and inverter developer [[Compact Dynamics]], [[Ulm University]], [[TU Delft]], [[Politecnico di Milano]] and [[University of Maribor]].<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/>
Ground and flight tests should follow those of the Panthera a couple of months later.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/>

Along their [[ground handling]], scaling to 19- and 70-seat airliners will be studied in two configurations: more of the same size modules for electric [[distributed propulsion]], or larger sized modules extrapolating the flight-test results, powering twin propellers.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/> Flights will test system behavior, measure performance and [[reliability engineering|reliability]], and evaluate failure modes.<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018/> A [[failure rate]] of one per 10 million hours is targeted, as low as in airliners, with very reliable components or with [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]].<ref name=AvWeek7aug2018>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/european-project-benchmark-hybrid-electric-propulsion |title= European Project To Benchmark Hybrid-Electric Propulsion |date= Aug 7, 2018 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

Austrian company ScaleWings, developer of a [[ScaleWings SW51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang scale replica]], has developed a hybrid and redundant piston/electric engine, based on independent modules: a {{cvt|1.15|L|cuin}} four-stroke V-twin producing {{cvt|80 and 120|hp}} when turbocharged, and electric motors, producing {{cvt|170 to 350|hp}} combined.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/scalewings-unveils-multi-redundant-hybrid-aircraft-engine |title= ScaleWings Unveils Multi-redundant Hybrid Aircraft Engine |date= Oct 17, 2018 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

[[VoltAero]] is a startup company formed in September 2017 by the [[chief technical officer|CTO]] and test pilot of the 2014 [[Airbus E-Fan]] 1.0, located in [[Royan]] and established with the support of the French [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] region.<ref name=AvWeek25oct2018/> The company is developing a hybrid testbed based on the [[Cessna 337 Skymaster]], which it intends to fly in late February 2019.<ref name=AvWeek25oct2018/>
The clean-sheet, all-composite [[VoltAero Cassio]] prototype should follow in 2020, before deliveries in late 2021 or early 2022.<ref name=AvWeek25oct2018/> It will be powered by two {{cvt|60|kW}} [[electric motors]] driving [[tractor propeller]]s on the wing and a {{cvt|170|kW}} [[piston engine]] and {{cvt|150|kW}} motor driving a [[pusher propeller]] in the aft fuselage.<ref name=AvWeek25oct2018/> The combination of fuel and batteries will give it a {{cvt|1,200|km|nmi}} range with nine people aboard.<ref name=AvWeek25oct2018>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/e-fan-experience-spawns-french-hybrid-electric-startup |title= E-Fan Experience Spawns French Hybrid-Electric Startup |date= Oct 25, 2018 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

On 31 October 2018, [[Diamond Aircraft]] flew the {{abbr|HEMEP|Hybrid-Electric Multi-Engine Plane}}, funded by [[Germany’s economics ministry]] and the [[Austrian Research Promotion Agency]], reaching {{cvt|130|kn|km/h}} and {{cvt|3,000|ft}} within 20 minutes.<ref name=AvWeek12nov2018/> It is a modified [[DA40]] with its single piston engine replaced by two Siemens {{cvt|75|kW}} electric motors in the nose powered by a {{cvt|110|kW}} [[Austro Engine AE 300]] diesel or two {{cvt|12|kWh}} batteries, for a 5 h. endurance or 30 min. on batteries only.<ref name=AvWeek12nov2018>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/week-technology-nov-12-19-2018 |title= The Week in Technology, Nov. 12-19, 2018 |date= Nov 12, 2018 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===

By January 2019, U.S. startup [[Ampaire]] was replacing the [[Cessna 337 Skymaster]] (a [[push-pull aircraft]]) aft piston engine with an electric motor, to fly the prototype on Hawaiian [[Mokulele Airlines]] commuter routes operated with [[Cessna Caravan]]s.<ref name=AvWeek14jan2019/> Seven other airlines are interested by Caravan or [[Twin Otter]] conversions: Seattle’s [[Kenmore Air]], [[Tropic Air]] of Belize, Puerto Rico–based [[Vieques Air Link]], [[Southern Airways Express]] of Memphis, Tennessee, Guernsey’s [[Aurigny]] and [[Star Marianas Air]], based in the Northern Mariana Islands, as well as [[Norway]].<ref name=AvWeek14jan2019>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/week-technology-jan-14-18-2019 |title= The Week In Technology, Jan. 14-18, 2019 |date= Jan 14, 2019 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref> Test flights will take place on a {{cvt|28|mile|km}} route over 15 minutes between [[Kahului Airport]] in Central Maui and [[Hana Airport]] on the East side.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://mauinow.com/2019/04/01/hybrid-electric-plane-test-flights-planned-on-maui/ |title= Hybrid Electric Plane Test Flights Planned on Maui |date= April 1, 2019 |work= Maui Now}}</ref> The hybrid prototype held its first public test flight on June 6, 2019, before scheduled service planned for 2021.<ref name=Ampaire6jun2019>{{cite press release |url= https://www.ampaire.com/news/public-reveal-060619 |title= Ampaire Announces First Public Electric Flight |date= June 6, 2019 |publisher= Ampaire |access-date= June 24, 2019 |archive-date= June 26, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190626123702/https://www.ampaire.com/news/public-reveal-060619 |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[Personal Airline Exchange]] (PAX) became the launch customer for the [[Ampaire Electric EEL]] modified six-seat Skymaster, to be certified in 2021, with an order for 50 plus 50 options.<ref name=AvWeek24jun2019/>

By March 2019, [[United Technologies Corp.|UTC]] was converting a 39-seat [[Bombardier Dash 8]] Q100 into a hybrid-electric for demonstration flights from 2022 within its Project 804.<ref name=AvWeek26mar2019/>
The {{cvt|2|MW}} design is similar to the [[Airbus E-Fan X]] program, but aims for certification and production for a subsequent commercial offer.<ref name=AvWeek26mar2019/>
One {{cvt|2,150|hp}} [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|PW121]] turboprop will be replaced by a {{cvt|1|MW}} gas turbine joined with an electric motor of the same rating, powered by off-the-shelf [[lithium-ion batteries]] for takeoff and [[climb (aeronautics)|climb]].<ref name=AvWeek26mar2019/>
The turbine is used alone in [[cruise (aeronautics)|cruise]] and drives the motor-generator to recharge the batteries in [[descent (aeronautics)|descent]].<ref name=AvWeek26mar2019/>
The [[downsized engine]] operates at its optimum for 30% fuel savings over {{cvt|200-250|nmi|km}}.<ref name=AvWeek26mar2019/>
Range is reduced from {{cvt|1,000 to 600|nmi|km}} due to the higher empty weight and 50% lower fuel capacity.<ref name=AvWeek26mar2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/utc-s-dash-8-hybrid-electric-x-plane-targets-commercial-market |title= UTC's Dash 8 Hybrid-Electric X-Plane Targets Commercial Market |date= Mar 26, 2019 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

Faradair Aerospace launched its 18 seat BEHA M1H during Revolution.aero in March, London, with turboprop hybrid propulsion and 'quick change' passenger/cargo capability, targeting the [[Part 23|CS23/Part23]] commuter category regulations. The E-STOL aircraft capable of operation on runways of less than 300m with 5 tonne payload from its unique Triple box-wing configuration and quiet ducted fan pusher configuration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faradair announces hybrid electric commercial flight capability from 2025 {{!}} Airframer|url=https://www.airframer.com/news_story.html?release=69709#:~:text=Faradair%20announces%20hybrid%20electric%20commercial%20flight%20capability%20from,Electric%20Hybrid%20Aircraft)%20by%202025%20for%20passenger%20operations.|access-date=2020-08-05|website=www.airframer.com}}</ref>

At the June 2019 [[Paris Air Show]], [[Daher]], [[Airbus]] and [[Safran]] teamed up to develop the [[Socata TBM#EcoPulse demonstrator|TBM-based EcoPulse demonstrator]], with half of the €22 million ($25 million) demonstration funded by the [[Directorate General for Civil Aviation (France)|DGAC]].<ref name=AvWeek24jun2019/>
The maiden flight is scheduled for the summer of 2022 before a hypothetical 2025–2030 certification.<ref name=AvWeek24jun2019/>
The aircraft’s existing engine will be supplemented by six {{cvt|45|kW}} safran electric motor on the wing fed by a {{cvt|100|kW}} [[auxiliary power unit|APU]] or batteries.<ref name=AvWeek24jun2019/>
Similar to the [[NASA X-57 Maxwell]], the [[distributed propulsion]] reduces wingtip vortices and add low speed lift by [[Coandă effect|blowing the wing]], enabling a smaller, lower drag wing.<ref name=AvWeek24jun2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/propulsion/sustainable-aviation-and-electrics-top-paris-air-show-agenda |title= Sustainable Aviation And Electrics Top Paris Air Show Agenda |date= Jun 24, 2019 |author= Guy Norris and Thierry Dubois |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

A mid-May 2019 survey for [[UBS]] shows 38% of Americans and Germans said they would be likely to fly in a hybrid-electric airplane, rising to more than 50% for 18–44-year-olds.<ref name=AvWeek26jun2019/>
UBS thinks hybrid aircraft for up to nine passengers over short routes below {{cvt|250|nmi|km}} could be available from 2022, and 2028 for regional airliners up to 1 h routes.<ref name=AvWeek26jun2019/>
UBS forecast a market for 16,000 hybrid-electric airplanes and $178–192 billion over 2028–2040, mostly in [[general aviation]], light [[business jet]]s and [[regional aircraft]] with 20% lower operating costs than present 50–70 seaters.<ref name=AvWeek26jun2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/climate-concerns-could-reignite-commercial-aerospace-or-burn-it |title= Climate Concerns Could Reignite Commercial Aerospace, Or Burn It |date= Jun 26, 2019 |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

Led by [[Cranfield Aerospace]] Solutions (CAeS), [[Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander#Electrification|Project Fresson]] started on 1 October 2019, to fly an electric [[Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander]] within 30 months before an EASA [[supplemental type certificate|STC]] within another 6–12 months.<ref name=AvWeek10oct2019/>
It targets a 60 min endurance plus 30 min reserves and with energy five times cheaper than Avgas and reduced maintenance, the conversion cost could be recovered in three years and it would have a range-extender combustion engine.<ref name=AvWeek10oct2019/>
Half of the £18 million ($22 million) funding come from the partners and the other half from the UK government.<ref name=AvWeek10oct2019/>
Of 800 Islanders in service, around 600 are used for short flights.<ref name=AvWeek10oct2019/>
[[Loganair]] should use it for short interisland hops off northern [[Scotland]].<ref name=AvWeek10oct2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/island-hopping-flights-show-promise-market-electrified-aircraft |title= Island-Hopping Flights Show Promise As Market For Electrified Aircraft |date= Oct 10, 2019 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

[[Ampaire Electric EEL|Electric EEL]] developer Ampaire and aircraft modification specialist [[Ikhana Aircraft Services]] study a 19 seat, diesel-electric hybrid [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]].<ref name=Flight23oct2019/>
It could use Ikhana's [[supplemental type certificate|STC]] for an increased [[maximum takeoff weight|MTOW]] from {{cvt|5,443 to 6,350|kg|lb|-1}}, the study is expected to be completed by the end of 2019.<ref name=Flight23oct2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ampaire-and-ikhana-work-toward-hybrid-electric-power-461702/ |title= Ampaire and Ikhana work toward hybrid-electric-powered Twin Otter |date= 23 Oct 2019 |author= Jon Hemmerdinger |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
Supported by [[Bavaria]]n funding, the German [[German Aerospace Center|DLR]] is modifying one of its two Do 228 into a hybrid-electric demonstrator.<ref name=AvWeek27aug2019/>
The first fully electric flight is planned for 2020 and the first hybrid-electric flight for 2021, apparently from [[Cochstedt Airport]].<ref name=AvWeek27aug2019/>
Partners include [[MTU Aero Engines]] and [[Siemens]], of which [[Rolls-Royce plc]] is acquiring the electric propulsion unit.<ref name=AvWeek27aug2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/week-technology-august-26-30-2019 |title= The Week In Technology, August 26-30, 2019 |date= Aug 27, 2019 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In April of 2020, the E-FanX programme supported by Rolls-Royce plc, Airbus and Siemens is cancelled. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Excell|first=Jon|date=2020-04-27|title=Rolls-Royce and Airbus cancel E-Fan X project|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/e-fan-x-project-cancelled/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Engineer|language=en-US}}</ref>

By July 2020, Faradair Aerospace announces relocation to Duxford Airfield, Cambridgeshire, UK in partnership with the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]] and [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], to develop the BEHA M1H prototype hybrid electric regional aircraft from a new bespoke prototyping facility as part of the new Duxford Avtech aerospace research and development campus. First flight is targeted for late 2023/early 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thisdell2020-07-31T11:14:00+01:00|first=Dan|title=Duxford holds keys to unlock funding for Faradair's hybrid-electric workhorse|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/business-aviation/duxford-holds-keys-to-unlock-funding-for-faradairs-hybrid-electric-workhorse/139558.article|access-date=2020-08-05|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2020, [[Embraer]] had a [[Embraer next-generation turboprop|new design]] for a [[regional airliner]] avoiding an hybrid-electric drivetrain, as operating costs would increase by 15% for 5% of the required power compared to conventional [[turboprop]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/airframers/embraer-solicits-partners-for-potential-turboprop-but-rules-out-alternative-powertrain/141327.article |title= Embraer solicits partners for potential turboprop but rules out alternative powertrain |author= Dominic Perry |date= 26 November 2020 |work= Flight Global}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===

The [[Berlin-Brandenburg Aerospace Alliance]] is a [[business cluster]] that includes [[Rolls-Royce Deutschland|Rolls-Royce Dahlewitz]], [[MTU Aero Engines]], aeronautical engineering specialist APUS and [[Stemme]].<ref name=AvWeek27aug2019/>
It plans the {{abbr|IBEFA|Innovation Alliance for Low-Emission Aircraft Propulsion}}-i6 project, a 19-seat [[distributed electric propulsion]] demonstrator to fly in 2021 with [[turbodiesel]], [[gas turbine]] and [[fuel-cell]] generators.<ref name=AvWeek27aug2019/>

Separate from this i-6, the APUS i-5 will be a [[Twin-boom aircraft|twin-boom]] testbed with [[tandem seating]] for a 4 t (8,800 lb) gross-weight.<ref name=AvWeek11nov2019/>
A [[Rolls-Royce 250]] turboshaft will drive four electric propellers through a battery, generators, convertors, and power controls.<ref name=AvWeek11nov2019/>
Supported by the German state of [[Brandenburg]] and the [[Brandenburg University of Technology]], flights should begin after 2021.<ref name=AvWeek11nov2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/week-technology-nov-11-14-2019 |title= The Week In Technology, Nov. 11-14, 2019 |date= Nov 11, 2019 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology |quote= Rolls Leads German Hybrid-electric Demonstrator}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
[[File:C337G Taxing (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Hybrid Electric Aircraft Testbed]] of [[National Research Council Canada]], a converted [[Cessna Skymaster]]]]
In 2019, the [[National Research Council Canada]] started to convert a [[Cessna Skymaster]], a [[push-pull configuration]], the [[Hybrid Electric Aircraft Testbed]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Battling the headwinds of climate change with electric aviation |author= National Research Council Canada |date= May 28, 2021 |url=https://nrc.canada.ca/en/stories/battling-headwinds-climate-change-electric-aviation}}</ref> It first flew on 7 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite press release |title= NRC supports the fight against climate change with hybrid-electric Cessna |author= NRC |date= April 4, 2022 |via= [[skiesmag]] |url= https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/nrc-flies-hybrid-electric-cessna-sporting-one-of-the-worlds-highest-voltage-electric-propulsion-systems-to-date/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Test-bed (HEAT) – at the National Research Council |work= [[EnviroTREC]] |date= Apr 22, 2022 |url=https://www.envirotrec.ca/2022/hybrid-electric-aircraft-test-bed-heat-at-the-national-research-council/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= 1 May 2022 |title= NRC Flies Hybrid-Electric Cessna Skymaster |url=https://evtol.news/news/nrc-flies-hybrid-electric-cessna-skymaster |publisher= [[Vertical Flight Society]]}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
On 19 January 2023, [[ZeroAvia]] flew its [[Dornier 228]] testbed with one turboprop replaced by a prototype hydrogen-electric powertrain in the cabin, consisting of two [[fuel cell]]s and a [[lithium-ion battery]] for peak power.<ref name=zeroavia19jan2023/> The aim is to have a certifiable system by 2025 to power airframes carrying up to 19 passengers over {{cvt|300|nmi|km}}.<ref name=zeroavia19jan2023>{{cite press release |url= https://www.zeroavia.com/do228-first-flight |title= ZeroAvia Makes Aviation History, Flying World’s Largest Aircraft Powered with a Hydrogen-Electric Engine |date= January 19, 2023 |publisher= ZeroAvia}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
On July-August 2024, [[DARPA]] and [[Northrop Grumman]] announced the [[Northrop Grumman XRQ-73 SHEPARD]] (Series Hybrid Electric Propulsion Aircraft Demonstration).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=Meet DARPA’s Newest X-plane: XRQ-73 |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2024-06-24 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northrop Grumman Builds Next-Generation Hybrid Electric Uncrewed X-Plane for DARPA |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-builds-next-generation-hybrid-electric-uncrewed-x-plane-for-darpa |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Environmental effects of aviation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2019/06/14/30405/ |title= Bjorn's Corner: Why hybrid cars work and hybrid airliners have challenges |author= Bjorn Fehrm |date= June 14, 2019 |work= Leeham News}}
* {{cite news |url= https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/06/29/hybrid-airliners-could-come-to-dominate-the-skies |title= Hybrid airliners could come to dominate the skies |date= Jun 29, 2019 |newspaper= The Economist}}

[[Category:Hybrid electric aircraft| ]]
[[Category:Aviation and the environment]]

Hybrid electric aircraft - Revision history

Admin: 1 revision imported

wikipedia>InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Older revision	Revision as of 09:00, 28 March 2025
(No difference)