Erwin Clausen

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Template:Infobox military person

Erwin Clausen (5 August 1911 – 4 October 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 132 aerial victories—that is, 132 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in 561 combat missions. He was "ace-in-a-day" four times, shooting down five or more aircraft on a single day.

Born in Berlin-Steglitz, Clausen volunteered for military service with the Reichsmarine in 1931. He transferred to the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1935. Following flight training, he was posted to Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing). He flew his first combat missions in the invasion of Poland, claiming his first aerial victory on 9 September 1939. Clausen then fought in the Battle of France, Battle of Britain, invasion of Yugoslavia and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In June 1942, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). One month later, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross followed by the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 23 July 1942 after 101 victories.

In June 1943, Clausen was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), tasked with defense of the Reich missions. He was posted as missing in action after aerial combat over the North Sea on 4 October 1943. He was promoted to Major (major) posthumously.

Early life and career

Clausen was born on 5 August 1911 in Berlin-Steglitz, the son of a master craftsman (Meister) joiner. Before joining military service, he worked in his father's company. He joined the Reichsmarine, the German Navy during the Weimar Republic, in 1931. During his service with the Reichsmarine, he went on cruises on board of Hessen and the school ship Gorch Fock. In 1935, Clausen transferred to the newly emerging Luftwaffe of the Nazi Germany. Holding the rank of Unteroffizier (subordinate officer or lance sergeant), he received flight training.[1][Note 1]

World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Clausen, now a Feldwebel (sergeant), had been assigned to the 3.(Jagd)/ LG 2, the 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) before the outbreak of hostilities.[Note 2] This squadron was subordinated to I.(Jagd) Gruppe (1st group) of LG 2.[1] On 9 September 1939, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was ordered to relocate to an airfield at Lauenburg west of Bydgoszcz. On the afternoon (16:06 – 17:10) of that day, the Gruppe flew a combat air patrol mission, and for the first time of the war 3. Staffel had enemy contact.[3] In this encounter, Clausen claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a PWS-26 biplane trainer.[4] On 17 September, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse).[1] Following the Battle of the Bzura on 20 September, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Graz-Thalerhof.[5]

Battle of France and Britain

On 30 September, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Uetersen, flying defensive missions over the German Bight.[6] The unit relocated multiple times and was flying in defense of the Reich from Esbjerg on 10 May 1940, the start of the Battle of France.[7] On 14 May, I.(Jagd) Gruppe transferred to Essen-Mülheim for operations against France.[8] On 23 May, they transferred again, this time to Ferme Montecouvez, an airfield approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) south of Cambrai.[9] Two days later, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was tasked with providing fighter escort for German transports resupplying the 4th Army in the vicinity of Cambrai. On this mission, Clausen claimed an Armée de l'air Potez 63 twin-engined aircraft shot down. In this encounter, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E was also damaged, resulting in a forced landing near Cambrai.[10] On 15 June, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was moved to Saint-Omer, the armistice was signed on 22 June, ending the Battle of France on 25 June.[11] The unit was given three days of rest, some of the pilots were sent on home leave. On 30 June, I.(Jagd) Gruppe was scrambled to intercept a flight of Royal Air Force Bristol Blenheim bombers resulting in combat southwest of Saint-Omer. In this encounter, Clausen claimed a Blenheim from No. 110 Squadron shot down which was not confirmed but was himself shot down in his Bf 109 E.[12][13] Clausen was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 4 July 1940 and was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 February 1941.[1] That day, Clausen was also appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1.(Jagd) Staffel of LG 2, this squadron became the 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) on 6 January 1942.[14]

Leading this squadron, Clausen participated in the Balkan Campaign.[15] On 6 April 1941, he recorded three victories during the invasion of Yugoslavia, these were Hawker Fury fighters of the Yugoslav Royal Air Force's 36th Fighter Group shot down over Režanovačka Kosa airfield near Kumanovo.[16] This resulted in the presentation of the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 20 June 1941.[17]

Eastern Front

Following the Balkan Campaign, I.(Jagd)/LG 2 was again subordinated to JG 77 on 18 June 1941 and was moved to Bucharest, Romania in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. JG 77 supported the German advance as part of Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South).[18] On 21 June, the Gruppe was ordered to Roman, a forward airfield near the Siret river.[19] Clausen claimed his first aerial victory on the Eastern Front, his seventh overall, on 2 July 1941. The mission, the second of the day, a combat air patrol encountered a flight of a Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighters east of Iași.[20] Later that afternoon, on the fourth mission of the day, he claimed another I-153 shot down.[21]

On 3 and 4 February 1942, Clausen and Oberleutnant Friedrich Geißhardt shot down three Polikarpov R-5s or Polikarpov R-Zs of 622 LBAP (Legkii Bombardirovochnyy Aviatsionyy Polk—Light Bomber Aviation Regiment) and 672 LBAP.[22] Clausen became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 9 March 1942, claiming aerial victories 36 to 40. Following the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, his total had reached 52 aerial victories on 6 April 1942. For this, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 18 May 1942, a direct presentation by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. Four days later, he was also honored with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).[17]

On 27 June 1942, Clausen was transferred to 6. Staffel of JG 77 and appointed its Staffelkapitän.[23] On 14 July during the landing approach at the airfield at Kastornoye, Clausen was injured when his Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 13121—factory number) collided with aircraft from 4. Staffel which were taking off.[24] On 21 July, he claimed four victories, three Petlyakov Pe-2 bombers and one LaGG-3. He reached his 100th victory after he claimed six further victories the next day. Shooting down a LaGG-3, a Hurricane and three Il-2s, took his tally to 101 aerial victories.[25] Clausen was the 12th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[26] For this achievement, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 23 July 1943. He was the 106th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Clausen and together with Oberleutnant Viktor Bauer were presented the Oak Leaves by Adolf Hitler at the Führerhauptquartier at Rastenburg.[27]

On 5 December, II. Gruppe of JG 77 was transferred to the North African theater, arriving at an airfield near Janzur, located west of Tripoli. Clausen initially stayed in Europe because he had become ill with Malaria. During his absence, Leutnant Johann Badum temporarily assumed command of 6. Staffel.[28]

Defense of the Reich and death

Clausen, who for his facial features was nicknamed 'Caesar', was transferred to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Süd (Supplementary Fighter Group, South) on 1 February 1943, and promoted to Hauptmann (captain). On 20 June 1943, Clausen was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), succeeding Major Walter Spies. This Gruppe was based in Husum and flew in defense of the Reich against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force.[29][30] On 17 July 1943, 332 heavy bombers of the 1st and 4th Bombardment Wing planned on targeting Hanover and Hamburg. The plan had to be abandoned due to changing weather conditions. Elements of 4th Bombardment Wing were already airborne and aimed at targeting the Fokker aircraft manufacturing sites at Amsterdam.[31] In defense of this attack, Clausen claimed his 121st aerial victory, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress shot down at 09:42.[32][30]

On 4 October 1943, the USAAF targeted and bombed Frankfurt am Main.[33] Clausen shot down a B-24 Liberator, his 12th over the USAAF, but then was killed in aerial combat over the North Sea in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-5/U12 (Werknummer 7358—factory number) approximately 115 kilometers (71 mi) northwest of Borkum.[34] The exact circumstances of his death remain unknown, he made his last radio communication at 10:28, confirming the order to return to base. At the time, his wife and three children had been living with him at the Husum airbase.[35] Clausen was posthumously promoted to Major (major), the promotion backdated to 1 October 1943.[36][Note 3] Three of his brothers were also killed in action during World War II.[37]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Clausen was credited with 132 aerial victories.[38] Spick also lists Clausen with 132 aerial victories with some unconfirmed victories in 561 combat missions. He claimed one victory over Poland, three over Yugoslavia, 17 victories over the Western Front, including 14 four-engined bombers, with the remaining victories achieved over the Eastern Front.[39] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 100 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This number includes 1 claim over Poland, 3 over Yugoslavia, 16 on the Western Front, including 10 four-engined bombers, and 84 on the Eastern Front.[40]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 75234". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[41]

Chronicle of aerial victories

Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Unit Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 in Poland –[42][43]
September 1939
1 1 9 September 1939 17:03 PWS-26[Note 4] Area of Bromberg 3.(J)/LG 2[Note 5]
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 during the Battle of France –[44][43]
10 May – 25 June 1940
2 25 May 1940
—
 Potez-63 3.(J)/LG 2[Note 5] 2 10 June 1940 12:43 Blenheim 1.(J)/LG 2
—
 29 May 1940 18:10 Hurricane Dunkirk 1.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 against England –[45]
June – November 1940
—
 30 June 1940
—
 Blenheim 3.(J)/LG 2[Note 5] 3 3 23 September 1940 10:45 Spitfire 3.(J)/LG 2[Note 5]
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 during the Balkan Campaign –[46][43]
April 1941
4 4 6 April 1941 06:20 Fury Režanovačka Kosa 1.(J)/LG 2 6 6 6 April 1941 09:41 Fury Režanovačka Kosa 1.(J)/LG 2
5 5 6 April 1941 06:27 Fury Režanovačka Kosa 1.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[47][43]
Operation Barbarossa — June – December 1941
7 28 June 1941 14:10 I-16 1.(J)/LG 2 13 28 August 1941
—
 MBR-2 1.(J)/LG 2
7 8 2 July 1941 12:35 I-153 1.(J)/LG 2 14 28 August 1941
—
 MBR-2 1.(J)/LG 2
8 2 July 1941
—
 I-153 1.(J)/LG 2 15 10 29 August 1941 15:30 MBR-2 25 km (16 mi) east of Sfântu Gheorghe 1.(J)/LG 2
9 9 4 July 1941 17:15 I-15 1.(J)/LG 2 16 11 29 August 1941 15:30 MBR-2 25 km (16 mi) east of Sfântu Gheorghe 1.(J)/LG 2
10 11 July 1941
—
 I-16 1.(J)/LG 2 12 29 August 1941 15:35 SB-3 1.(J)/LG 2
11 3 August 1941
—
 SB-2 1.(J)/LG 2 13 29 August 1941 15:40 SB-3 1.(J)/LG 2
12 17 August 1941
—
 I-16 1.(J)/LG 2
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[48][43]
Winter War — December 1941 – April 1942
17 22 December 1941
—
 I-61 1.(J)/LG 2 16 4 March 1942 14:20 Yak-7 north of Slavyansk-na-Kubani 1./JG 77
18 29 December 1941
—
 I-15 1.(J)/LG 2 35 4 March 1942
—
 I-18 1./JG 77
19 16 January 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 36♠ 17 9 March 1942 10:02 R-5 1./JG 77
20 16 January 1942
—
 MiG-3 1./JG 77 37♠ 18 9 March 1942 10:04 R-5 1./JG 77
21 23 January 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 38♠ 19 9 March 1942 10:18 R-5 1./JG 77
22 4 February 1942
—
 R-10 1./JG 77 39♠ 20 9 March 1942 16:35 R-5[Note 6] 1./JG 77
23 4 February 1942
—
 R-5 1./JG 77 40♠ 21 9 March 1942
—
 I-18[Note 7] 1./JG 77
24 16 February 1942
—
 MiG-3 1./JG 77 41 22 15 March 1942 15:40 I-18[Note 8] 1./JG 77
25 16 February 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 42 15 March 1942
—
 I-18 1./JG 77
26 18 February 1942
—
 SB-3 1./JG 77 43 17 March 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77
27 21 February 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 44 23 21 March 1942 16:30 I-61[Note 9] 1./JG 77
28 22 February 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 45 24 22 March 1942 16:00 I-61[Note 6] 1./JG 77
29 23 February 1942
—
 I-26 1./JG 77 46 22 March 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77
30 24 February 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 47 22 March 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77
31 28 February 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 48 27 March 1942
—
 unknown 1./JG 77
32 28 February 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77 49 28 March 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77
33 14 2 March 1942 10:25 R-10[Note 10] north of Slavyansk-na-Kubani 1./JG 77 50 28 March 1942
—
 I-16 1./JG 77
34 4 March 1942
—
 I-18 1./JG 77 51 30 March 1942
—
 I-61 1./JG 77
15 4 March 1942 13:45 Yak-7 west of Slavyansk-na-Kubani 1./JG 77 52 6 April 1942
—
 I-61 1./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[49][43]
Kerch, Sevastopol, Izium — May/June 1942
53 30 May 1942
—
 I-16 east of Kerch[50] 1./JG 77 56 26 13 June 1942 05:45 Yak-3[Note 6] Kerch Strait[50] 1./JG 77
54 31 May 1942
—
 LaGG-3 PQ 75234, Krymskaja[50] 1./JG 77 57 27 14 June 1942 07:20 I-16 Kerch Strait[50] 1./JG 77
55 25 10 June 1942 08:25 Il-2 Sevastopol[50] 1./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[51][40]
Summer Offensive — 28 June – 7 November 1942
58 28 2 July 1942 10:25 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 90♠ 60 13 July 1942 09:55 Il-2 6./JG 77
59 29 5 July 1942 11:45 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 91 61 14 July 1942 06:50 LaGG-3 6./JG 77
60 30 5 July 1942 11:52 MiG-3[Note 8] 6./JG 77 92 62 21 July 1942 06:45 Pe-2 6./JG 77
61 31 5 July 1942 11:56 I-180[Note 9] 6./JG 77 93 63 21 July 1942 06:46 Pe-2 6./JG 77
62 32 5 July 1942 13:51 Pe-2 Novorossiysk region 6./JG 77 94 64 21 July 1942 06:50 Pe-2 6./JG 77
63 33 6 July 1942 03:32 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 95 65 21 July 1942 06:52 LaGG-3 6./JG 77
64 34 6 July 1942 03:40 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 96♠ 66 22 July 1942 14:30 LaGG-3 6./JG 77
65 35 6 July 1942 03:50 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 97♠ 67 22 July 1942 14:35 Hurricane 6./JG 77
66 36 7 July 1942 19:35 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 98♠ 68 22 July 1942 14:41 MiG-3 6./JG 77
67 37 7 July 1942 19:50 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 99♠ 69 22 July 1942 18:30 Il-2 6./JG 77
68 38 8 July 1942 16:30 Pe-2 6./JG 77 100♠ 70 22 July 1942 18:33 Il-2 6./JG 77
69 39 8 July 1942 16:35 Il-2 6./JG 77 101♠ 71 22 July 1942 18:36 Il-2 6./JG 77
70 40 8 July 1942 19:35 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 102 72 26 July 1942 03:45 I-180[Note 8] 6./JG 77
71 41 9 July 1942 08:15 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 103 73 5 September 1942 17:15 LaGG-3[Note 11] 65 km (40 mi) northwest of Voronezh 6./JG 77
72 42 9 July 1942 08:20 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 104 74 5 September 1942 17:20 LaGG-3[Note 11] 65 km (40 mi) south-southwest of Yelets 6./JG 77
73 43 9 July 1942 12:17 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 105 75 5 September 1942 17:24 Il-2[Note 6] 55 km (34 mi) northwest of Voronezh 6./JG 77
74 44 9 July 1942 12:25 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 106 76 9 September 1942 15:52 Il-2 45 km (28 mi) northwest of Sloboda 6./JG 77
75 45 10 July 1942 06:20 R-5 6./JG 77 107 77 9 September 1942 15:59 Il-2 45 km (28 mi) northwest of Sloboda 6./JG 77
76 46 10 July 1942 06:25 R-5 6./JG 77 108 78 9 September 1942 16:03 I-153[Note 12] 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Sloboda 6./JG 77
77 47 10 July 1942 11:55 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 109 79 16 September 1942[Note 13] 17:18 LaGG-3 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Voronezh 6./JG 77
78 48 11 July 1942 03:37 R-5 6./JG 77 110 80 16 September 1942[Note 13] 17:19 LaGG-3 25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 6./JG 77
79 49 11 July 1942 10:34 Pe-2 6./JG 77 111 81 16 September 1942[Note 13] 17:20 Il-2[Note 6] 25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 6./JG 77
80 50 11 July 1942 19:20 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 112 82 18 September 1942 13:07 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Voronezh 6./JG 77
81♠ 51 12 July 1942 06:35 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 113 83 18 September 1942 13:13 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Voronezh 6./JG 77
82♠ 52 12 July 1942 06:41 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 114 84 18 September 1942 16:25 LaGG-3 50 km (31 mi) south-southwest of Lipeck 6./JG 77
83♠ 53 12 July 1942 06:50 MiG-3 6./JG 77 115 85 18 September 1942 16:55 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Voronezh 6./JG 77
84♠ 54 12 July 1942 10:49 LaGG-3[Note 11] 6./JG 77 116 86 19 September 1942 15:05 Il-2 50 km (31 mi) north of Voronezh 6./JG 77
85♠ 55 12 July 1942 16:05 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 117 87 22 September 1942 13:05 Il-2[Note 6] 30 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 6./JG 77
86♠ 56 13 July 1942 09:33 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 118 88 22 September 1942 13:12 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) north of Voronezh 6./JG 77
87♠ 57 13 July 1942 09:50 LaGG-3 6./JG 77 119 89 22 September 1942 13:17 Il-2 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Voronezh 6./JG 77
88♠ 58 13 July 1942 09:52 LaGG-3[Note 11] 6./JG 77 120 90 22 September 1942 16:17 Il-2[Note 14] 25 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh 6./JG 77
89♠ 59 13 July 1942 09:53 LaGG-3[Note 11] 6./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 11 –[53][52]
In defense of the Reich — 1 April – 31 December 1943
121 91 17 July 1943 9:42 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/TM-6
95 km (59 mi) north of Ameland 		I./JG 11 127 97 29 July 1943 09:20 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/SA
35 km (22 mi) north of Kiel 		I./JG 11
122 92 25 July 1943 17:40[Note 15] B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/TM-7
North Sea 		I./JG 11 128 98 29 July 1943 09:30 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/SV-6/1, Kiesby area I./JG 11
123 93 26 July 1943 10:58 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/SO-5
75 km (47 mi) west of Westerland 		I./JG 11 129 99 17 August 1943 15:36 B-17 south of Niedermendig I./JG 11
124 94 26 July 1943 13:25 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/AO-5/5
north of Borkum 		I./JG 11 130 100 17 August 1943 15:45 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/RQ-2/5
south of Stromberg 		I./JG 11
125 95 28 July 1943 09:21 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/RO-9/9
Thalfang east of Trier 		I./JG 11 131 27 September 1943
—
 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/UP I./JG 11
126 96 28 July 1943 09:25 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/RO-6
south-southeast of Wittlich 		I./JG 11 132 4 October 1943
—
 B-24 northwest of Borkum Stab I./JG 11

Awards

See also

Notes


References

Citations


Bibliography

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

 Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website.
  Christer Bergström.
 
 
  Retrieved 26 February 2019 from link

Template:Top German World War II Aces Template:Knight's Cross recipients of JG 77

  1. ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Stockert 2012, p. 21.
  2. ↑ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 83.
  4. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 84.
  5. ↑ Prien 1992, pp. 87–88.
  6. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 104.
  7. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 275.
  8. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 285.
  9. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 295.
  10. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 298.
  11. ↑ Prien 1992, pp. 321, 323.
  12. ↑ Prien 1992, pp. 327–328.
  13. ↑ Cull 2013, chpt. V.
  14. ↑ Prien 1995, p. 2371.
  15. ↑ Prien 1992, p. 488.
  16. ↑ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, pp. 180–181.
  17. ↑ Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 17.2 Stockert 2012, p. 22.
  18. ↑ Prien 1993, p. 628.
  19. ↑ Prien 1993, p. 630.
  20. ↑ Prien 1993, pp. 662–663.
  21. ↑ Prien 1993, p. 663.
  22. ↑ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 76.
  23. ↑ Prien 1995, p. 2374.
  24. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 318.
  25. ↑ Prien 1993, p. 1024.
  26. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  27. ↑ Stockert 2012, p. 24.
  28. ↑ Prien 1994, p. 1359.
  29. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 342.
  30. ↑ Jump up to: 30.0 30.1 Weal 2011, p. 20.
  31. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 361.
  32. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 366.
  33. ↑ Weal 1996, p. 49.
  34. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 610.
  35. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 483.
  36. ↑ Jump up to: 36.0 36.1 Stockert 2012, p. 23.
  37. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 51.
  38. ↑ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  39. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 230.
  40. ↑ Jump up to: 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 189–190.
  41. ↑ Planquadrat.
  42. ↑ Prien 1995, p. 2378.
  43. ↑ Jump up to: 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.03 43.04 43.05 43.06 43.07 43.08 43.09 43.10 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 189.
  44. ↑ Prien 1995, p. 2381.
  45. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2381, 2383.
  46. ↑ Prien 1995, p. 2384.
  47. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2387–2391.
  48. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2398–2403.
  49. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2407–2409.
  50. ↑ Jump up to: 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Prien et al. 2006, p. 262.
  51. ↑ Prien 1995, pp. 2410–2012, 2014, 2417–2419.
  52. ↑ Jump up to: 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 190.
  53. ↑ Prien & Rodeike 1993, pp. 635–638.
  54. ↑ Jump up to: 54.0 54.1 Thomas 1997, p. 100.
  55. ↑ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 74.
  56. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 154.
  57. ↑ Jump up to: 57.0 57.1 Scherzer 2007, p. 260.
  58. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 60.


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