List of World War II aces from Germany: Q–S

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Template:World War II aces from Germany This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Germany with their surname starting from Q to S. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] Aces are listed alphabetically by last name.

Aces[edit | edit source]

By surname: A–F  • G–L  • M–P  • T–Z

Template:Legend2
Template:Legend2

Q[edit | edit source]

Name Rank Claims Unit Notes
Wilhelm Quack* Feldwebel 17[2] JG 54 KIA 8 January 1942
Klaus Quaet-Faslem* Major 49[3] JG 53, JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIFA 30 January 1944
Richard Quante* Oberfeldwebel 49[4]/41[2] JG 51 KIA 14 August 1942
Josef Quarde* Fähnrich 52[2] JG 54 KIA 5 March 1945
Karl-Heinz Quaritsch* Leutnant 9[2] JG 53 KIA 14 June 1942
Ernst Quasinowski Oberleutnant 19[2] J/88, JG 52
Werner Quast Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel 84[5][6] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Querengasser Feldwebel 5+[2] JG 2

R[edit | edit source]

Name Rank Claims Unit Notes
Walter Rabenstein* Leutnant 5[2] JG 27 KIA 2 July 1944
Josef Rabieger Oberfeldwebel 20+[2] JG 52
Rudolf Rademacher Oberleutnant 126[7]/93[2] JG 54, JG 7 Knight's Cross
Waldemar Radener 37[8]/23[2] JG 26, JG 300 Knight's Cross
Günther Radusch Oberst 64 (+1 in Spain)[9][2] NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Gerhard Raht Hauptmann 58[10]/59[2] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Alfons Raich Oberleutnant 10[2] JG 3
Günther Rall Major 275[11]/274[2] JG 52, JG 11 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.26.[12]
Karl Rammelt 41[2] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Alfred Rauch Leutnant 60[13] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Paul-Hubert Rauh Hauptmann 31[2] NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Karl-Wolfgang Redlich* Major 43[14]/41 (incl. 2 in Spain)[15] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 29 May 1944
Hans Reiff Oberfeldwebel 54[16] JG 3
Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert Oberleutnant 174[17]/168[16] JG 77, JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Hans-Günther Reinhard Oberfeldwebel 42[16] JG 54
Peter Reischer Oberleutnant 20[16] JG 26
Hans Remmer* Hauptmann 27[18]/21[16] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 April 1944
Anton Resch Oberleutnant 91[19] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Rudolf Resch* Major 94 (incl. 1 in Spain)[19] JG 52, JG 51 Knight's Cross
KIA 11 July 1943
Willi Reschke Oberfeldwebel 28[20] JG 302, JG 301 Knight's Cross
incl. 20 heavy bombers[21]
Ralph von Rettberg Oberst 8[20] ZG 26, ZG 1 Knight's Cross
Horst Reuter Leutnant 21[22] JG 27
Ernst Richter Oberfeldwebel 8[16] JG 54
Hans Richter Leutnant 22[16] JG 27
Horst Reuter Unteroffizier 26[22] JG 27
Eckhard Roch Oberleutnant 5[23] JG 26
Gustav Rödel Oberst 98[24] JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Hans Röhrig* Hauptmann 75[25] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 13 July 1943
Detlev Rohwer 38[26] JG 3, JG 1 Knight's Cross
Heinz Rökker 64[10] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Herbert Rollwage Oberleutnant 102[24] JG 53 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Oskar Romm 92[19] JG 51, JG 3 Knight's Cross
Heinrich Rosenberg 12[22] JG 27
Theodor Rossiwall Oberstleutnant 19 (incl. 2 in Spain)[26] ZG 76, NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Edmund Roßmann Leutnant 93[27] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Willi Roth 20[23] JG 26, JG 103, JG 102, JV 44
Günther Rübell Hauptmann 50[27] JG 51, JG 104 Knight's Cross
Hans-Ulrich Rudel Oberst 9+[23] SG 2 Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (sole recipient in the entire Wehrmacht)
Erich Rudorffer Major 222[11]/219[23] JG 2, JG 54, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
13 in one mission
Helmut Rüffler Oberfeldwebel 98[24]/88[28] JG 3 Knight's Cross
Franz Ruhl* Oberleutnant 36[28] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 24 December 1944
Friedrich Rupp* Leutnant 52[29] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 15 May 1943
Martin Rysavy Oberleutnant 8[30] JG 26

S[edit | edit source]

Name Rank Claims Unit Notes
Heinz Sachsenberg Leutnant 104[31][32] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Florian Salwender Feldwebel 25[32] JG 77, JG 5 POW Died in Soviet Prison
Carl Sattig* Hauptmann 53[32] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 10 August 1942
Erwin Sawallisch* Oberfeldwebel 35[32] JG 27 Suicide
Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein* Major 83[33][6]/79[32] NJG 2, NJG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
KIA 21/22 January 1944
Günther Schack Hauptmann 174[17][32] JG 51, JG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Hans Schäfer Feldwebel 6[32] JG 3
Hans Schäfer Oberleutnant 12[32] NJG 2, NJG 3
Johann Schalk Oberst 15[34] ZG 26, NJG 3, NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Franz Schall* Hauptmann 137[35]/133[32] JG 52, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 Knight's Cross
KIFA 10 April 1945
mission-to-claim ratio of 4.01.[36]
Ludwig Scharf Unteroffizier 7+[37] JG 5
Gerhard Schaschke Hauptmann 19+[37] ZG 76
Paul Schauder 21[30] JG 26
Jakob Schaus Leutnant 23[38] NJG 4
Günther Scheel* Leutnant 71[39] JG 54 Knight's Cross
MIA 16 July 1943
only 70 combat missions, with a mission-to-claim ratio of 0.99.[40]
Klaus Scheer Leutnant 24[38]/23[37] NJG 100
Rudolf Scheffel Hauptmann 7[41] ZG 1, ZG 26 Knight's Cross
Wolfgang Schellmann* Oberstleutnant 26 (incl. 12 in Spain)[41] JG 2, JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 22 June 1941
Fritz Schellwat Oberfeldwebel 19[38] NJG 1
Wolfgang Schenck Oberstleutnant 18[42] SG 2, ZG 1, SKG 210, KG 51 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Georg Schentke* Oberleutnant 90[6]/87[5] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 25 December 1942
Karl-Heinz Scherfling* Oberfeldwebel 33[43] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 21 July 1944
Ernst Scheufele Oberleutnant 14[37] JG 5, JG 4
Erich Scheyda Oberfeldwebel 20[44] JG 26
Franz Schieß* Hauptmann 67[45] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 September 1943
Wilhelm Schilling Oberleutnant 63[46] JG 54, EJG 1 Knight's Cross
Hans Schleef* 98[19] JG 3, JG 5, JG 4 Knight's Cross
KIA 31 December 1944
Hermann Schleinhege Leutnant 97[6]/96[19] JG 3, JG 54 Knight's Cross
Joachim Schlichting Major 8 (incl. 5 in Spain)[47] JG 27 Knight's Cross
Karl-Friedrich Schlosstein Hauptmann 5+[48] JG 77, JG 5
Johann Schmid* Major 45[49] JG 2, JG 26 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 November 1941
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.34.[12]
Dietrich Schmidt Hauptmann 39[50] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
Erich Schmidt* Oberleutnant 47[51] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 31 August 1941
Franz Schmidt* Unteroffizier 6[48] JG 77 KIA 4 November 1941
Heinz Schmidt* Hauptmann 173[17][48] JG 52 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 5 September 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 4.05.[36]
Johannes Schmidt Oberleutnant 12[52] JG 26
Rudolf Schmidt* Feldwebel 42[53] JG 77 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 April 1942
Winfried Schmidt Hauptmann 19[48] JG 3
Lothar Schmitt Leutnant 7[48] LG 2, SG 1
Hans Schmoller-Haldy Hauptmann 12[48] JG 54
Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer Major 121[33]/119[48] NJG 1, NJG 4 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
Top Night Fighter Ace of World War II
August Schneider Leutnant 9[48] JG 5
Gerhard Schneider 41[48] JG 51, JGr Ost
Hugo Schneider Oberleutnant 6[48] JG 27
Walter Schneider 20[52] JG 26
Karl-Heinz Schnell Major 72[25] JG 51, JG 53, JV 44 Knight's Cross
"Wumm" Siegfried Schnell* 93[54][6] JG 54, JG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 25 February 1944
Karl "Quax" Schnörrer Leutnant 46[55] JG 54, JG 7, Kdo Nowotny Knight's Cross
Herbert Schob Hauptmann 28 (incl. 6 in Spain)[56] LG 1, ZG 76, ZG 26 Knight's Cross
Rudolf Schoenert Major 64[10] NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3, NJG 100, NJGr 10, NJG 5 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Erich Schöfbock Leutnant 8[57] JG 27
Günther Scholz Major 34 (+1 in Spain) JG 54, JG 5
Helmut Schönfelder Oberfeldwebel 56[56] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Schöpfel Major 45[58] JG 26, JG 4, JG 6 Knight's Cross
Georg Schott* Oberleutnant 21[57] LG 2, JG 1 KIA 27 September 1943
Herbert Schramm* Hauptmann 40[57] JG 53, JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 1 December 1943
Alfred Schreiber* Leutnant 5[57] ZG 26, EKdo 262, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 KIFA 26 November 1944
Georg Schröder Hauptmann 12[57] JG 2
Werner Schröer Major 114[31]/106[57] JG 3, JG 27, JG 54 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
incl. 26 heavy bombers[21]
mission-to-claim ratio of 1.73.[40]
Fritz Schröter 11[59] JG 2, SKG 10, SG 5, SG 4 Knight's Cross
Walter Schuck Oberleutnant 206[17]/181[57] JG 5, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Leo Schuhmacher Leutnant 23[59] ZG 76, JG 1, JV 44 Knight's Cross
Franz Schulte* Feldwebel 46[59] JG 77 Knight's Cross
KIA 12 August 1942
Helmuth Schulte Hauptmann 25[60] NJG 5 Knight's Cross
Otto Schultz 73[25] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Schulwitz Leutnant 9[61] JG 26
Otto Schulz* Oberleutnant 51[62] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 17 June 1942
Werner Schumacher Unteroffizier 30[63] JG 5
Heinz Schumann* Major 21[64] JG 51, JG 2 SKG 10 Knight's Cross
KIFA 8 November 1943
Franz Schwaiger* Leutnant 67[45] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 24 April 1944
Günther Schwanecke Hauptmann 14[63] JG 77, JG 5
Gerhard Schwartz Feldwebel 20[65] JG 51
Günther Schwarz Oberfeldwebel 40[65]/38[63] JG 51
Georg Seckel Hauptmann 34[63] JG 77, JG 200, JG 4
Günther Seeger Oberleutnant 56[66] JG 53, JG 2 Knight's Cross
Georg Seelmann 39[66] JG 51, JG 103 Knight's Cross
Hermann Segatz Hauptmann 40[65]/33[63] JG 26, JG 51, JG 5, JG 1
Georg Seidel Oberfeldwebel 47[65]/45[63] JG 51
Alfred Seidl Oberleutnant 31[63] JG 53, JG 3, JG 7
Johannes Seifert* Oberstleutnant 57[67] JG 26 Knight's Cross
KIA 25 November 1943
Reinhard Seiler Major 109 (incl. 9 in Spain)[31] JG 54, JG 104 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Erich von Selle 7 JG 26
Waldemar Semelka Leutnant 65[68] JG 52 Knight's Cross
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.69.[36]
Paul Semrau* Major 46[69] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 8 February 1945
Fritz Sengschmitt 15 ZG 76, ZG 26
Heinrich Setz* Major 138[35] JG 27, JG 77 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 13 March 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 1.99.[40]
Peter Siegler* Feldwebel 48[70] JG 54 Knight's Cross
MIA 24 September 1942
Rudolf Sigmund* Hauptmann 29[70] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 4 October 1943
Friedrich Simon Oberfeldwebel 22+[71] JG 51
Siegfried Simsch Hauptmann 54[72] JG 52, JG 11 Knight's Cross
KIA 8 June 1944
Rudolf Sinner Major 39[73] JG 27
Kurt Sochatzy Oberleutnant 38[72] JG 3 Knight's Cross
Waldemar Söffing Leutnant 35[74] JG 26
Gerhard Sommer* Hauptmann 20[72] JG 11, JG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 12 May 1944
Hermann Sommer* Oberfeldwebel 19[75] NJG 2, NJG 102 KIA 11 February 1944
Wolfgang Späte Major 99[24] JG 54, JG 400, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Günther Specht* Oberstleutnant 34[76] ZG 26, JG 11 Knight's Cross
MIA 1 January 1945
Wilhelm Spies* Major 20[77] ZG 26 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 27 January 1942
Robert Spreckles Oberfeldwebel 6+[78] JG 11, JG 1
Peter Spoden Hauptmann 24[75]/23[79] NJG 5, NJG 6
Gustav Sprick Oberleutnant 31[80] JG 26 Knight's Cross
Karl Stadek Oberfeldwebel 25+[71] JG 51
Hans-Arnold Stahlschmidt* Oberleutnant 60[81] JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 7 September 1942
Hermann Staiger Major 63[76] JG 51, JG 26, JG 1, JG 7 Knight's Cross
incl. 26 heavy bombers[21]
Friedrich-Wilhelm Stakejahn 9 JG 5, SG 4
Otto Stammberger Oberleutnant 7[82] JG 26
Karl Steffen* Oberfeldwebel 59[83][82] JG 52 Knight's Cross
MIA 8 August 1943
Hans-Joachim Steffens* Leutnant 21[82] JG 51 KIA 30 July 1941
Friedrich "Fritz" Stehle Oberleutnant 21[82] ZG 2, ZG 26, JG 6, JG 7 German Cross
Leopold "Bazi" Steinbatz* Leutnant 99[24]/98[82] JG 52 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
KIA 23 June 1942
Franz Steiner Oberfeldwebel 8[82] JG 27, JG 1, JG 11, JV 44
Günter Steinhausen* Leutnant 40[84] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 September 1942
Ulrich Steinhilper Oberleutnant 5[82] JG 52
"Macky" Johannes Steinhoff Oberst 176[17]/168[82] JG 26, JG 52, JG 77 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Wilhelm Steinmann Major 44[84] JG 27, JG 4, JV 44 Knight's Cross
Heinrich Steis Leutnant 20[82] JG 27 German Cross
Andreas Sterl Oberfeldwebel 54[82] JG 52 German Cross
Heinrich Sterr* Oberleutnant 130[7] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 26 November 1944
Franz Stigler 26[85] JG 27, JV 44 German Cross
Bruno Stolle Hauptmann 35[86] LG 1, JG 2, JG 11 Knight's Cross
"Max" Maximilian Stotz* 189[17]/182[79] JG 54 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 19 August 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.65.[12]
Friedrich-Wilhelm Strakeljahn* 9[86] JG 5, SG 4 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 July 1944
Hubert Strassl* Oberfeldwebel 67[86] JG 51 Knight's Cross
KIA 8 July 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.30.[12]
Erwin Straznicky* Oberleutnant 30[85] LG 2, JG 77, JG 3 MIA 3 October 1942
Werner Streib Oberst 66[33] NJG 1 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Hans Strelow* Leutnant 68[39] JG 51 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 22 May 1942
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.94.[12]
Fritz Stritzel Stabsfeldwebel 11[85] JG 2
Karl Strohecker Oberfeldwebel 14[85] NJG 100
Heinz Strüning* Hauptmann 56[10] ZG 26, KG 30, NJG 2, NJG 1 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 25 December 1944
Werner Stumpf* Oberfeldwebel 48[87] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 13 October 1942
Gustav Sturm Leutnant 21[88] JG 27, JG 3, JG 51, EJG 2, JG 7
Heinrich Sturm* Hauptmann 158[89]/157[35] JG 52 Knight's Cross
KIA 22 December 1944
Alfred Surau Leutnant 45[85] JG 3
Ernst Süß* Oberleutnant 68[90] JG 52 Knight's Cross
KIA 20 December 1943
Paul Szameitat* Hauptmann 29[60] NJG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 January 1944
Wilhelm Szuggar Oberfeldwebel 10 (incl. 5 in Spain)[85] JG 52, JG 26

References[edit | edit source]

Citations[edit | edit source]


Bibliography[edit | edit source]

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Template:Lists of flying aces

  1. Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1514.
  3. Obermaier 1989, p. 182.
  4. Aders & Held 1993, p. 264.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Spick 1996, p. 235.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Spick 1996, p. 230.
  8. Obermaier 1989, p. 183.
  9. Spick 1996, pp. 242–243.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Spick 1996, p. 243.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Spick 1996, p. 227.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Spick 1996, p. 248.
  13. Spick 1996, p. 241.
  14. Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 328.
  15. Obermaier 1989, p. 184.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1515.
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Spick 1996, p. 228.
  18. Obermaier 1989, p. 185.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Spick 1996, p. 234.
  20. 20.0 20.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 186.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 Forsyth 2011, p. 90.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 329.
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1516.
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Spick 1996, p. 233.
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 Spick 1996, p. 237.
  26. 26.0 26.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 188.
  27. 27.0 27.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 189.
  28. 28.0 28.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 190.
  29. Obermaier 1989, p. 191.
  30. 30.0 30.1 Caldwell 1998, p. 520.
  31. 31.0 31.1 31.2 Spick 1996, p. 232.
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1517.
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 Spick 1996, p. 242.
  34. Obermaier 1989, p. 192.
  35. 35.0 35.1 35.2 Spick 1996, p. 229.
  36. 36.0 36.1 36.2 Spick 1996, p. 249.
  37. 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1518.
  38. 38.0 38.1 38.2 Aders 1978, p. 237.
  39. 39.0 39.1 Spick 1996, p. 238.
  40. 40.0 40.1 40.2 Spick 1996, p. 247.
  41. 41.0 41.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 193.
  42. Obermaier 1989, p. 55.
  43. Obermaier 1989, p. 194.
  44. Caldwell 1998, pp. 520–521.
  45. 45.0 45.1 Spick 1996, p. 239.
  46. Obermaier 1989, p. 195.
  47. Obermaier 1989, p. 196.
  48. 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1519.
  49. Caldwell 1998, pp. 521–522.
  50. Spick 1996, p. 245.
  51. Obermaier 1989, p. 197.
  52. 52.0 52.1 Caldwell 1998, p. 522.
  53. Obermaier 1989, p. 198.
  54. Obermaier 1989, p. 46.
  55. Obermaier 1989, p. 199.
  56. 56.0 56.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 200.
  57. 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 57.5 57.6 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1520.
  58. Caldwell 1998, pp. 522–523.
  59. 59.0 59.1 59.2 Obermaier 1989, p. 201.
  60. 60.0 60.1 Spick 1996, p. 246.
  61. Caldwell 1998, p. 523.
  62. Obermaier 1989, p. 202.
  63. 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 63.6 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1521.
  64. Obermaier 1989, p. 203.
  65. 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Aders & Held 1993, p. 265.
  66. 66.0 66.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 204.
  67. Caldwell 1998, pp. 523–524.
  68. Spick 1996, p. 240.
  69. Spick 1996, p. 244.
  70. 70.0 70.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 206.
  71. 71.0 71.1 Aders & Held 1993, p. 266.
  72. 72.0 72.1 72.2 Obermaier 1989, p. 207.
  73. Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 330.
  74. Caldwell 1998, pp. 534–525.
  75. 75.0 75.1 Aders 1978, p. 238.
  76. 76.0 76.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 208.
  77. Obermaier 1989, p. 50.
  78. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1522.
  79. 79.0 79.1 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1525.
  80. Caldwell 1998, p. 525.
  81. Obermaier 1989, p. 60.
  82. 82.00 82.01 82.02 82.03 82.04 82.05 82.06 82.07 82.08 82.09 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1523.
  83. Obermaier 1989, p. 209.
  84. 84.0 84.1 Obermaier 1989, p. 210.
  85. 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1524.
  86. 86.0 86.1 86.2 Obermaier 1989, p. 211.
  87. Obermaier 1989, p. 212.
  88. Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 331.
  89. Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  90. Obermaier 1989, p. 213.