Undershoot

In aviation, undershoot refers to an event where an aircraft lands short of the intended runway or landing area. This can occur due to various factors like incorrect approach, wind shear, or other environmental conditions. Undershoots can lead to aircraft impacting the runway, obstacles, or other surfaces before the designated landing point, potentially resulting in accidents.

Historical Context

Early Aviation: Early aircraft were more prone to undershoots due to the lack of advanced technology and infrastructure. Piloting skills and aircraft handling were crucial, and undershoots could occur due to inexperienced pilots or unpredictable weather.

Development of Runway Systems: As aviation technology advanced, so did runway design and safety measures. Runway End Safety Areas (RESAs) were developed to help mitigate the consequences of undershoots and overruns, according to SKYbrary.

Pilot Training and Procedures: Pilots receive extensive training to avoid undershoots and to manage situations where they are unavoidable. Standard operating procedures, such as go-arounds and emergency procedures, are implemented to ensure safety.

Modern Technologies: Modern aviation utilizes advanced technologies like precision approach guidance systems, weather radar, and automated landing systems to reduce the risk of undershoots.

Causes of Undershoots

Incorrect Approach: Pilots may underestimate their descent rate or the required glide path, leading to landing short.

Wind Shear: Sudden changes in wind speed and direction, particularly during the final approach, can cause the aircraft to descend faster or slower than expected.

Obstacles: Obstacles near the runway threshold can force pilots to make late corrections, leading to undershoots.

Pilot Error: Inexperience, lack of attention, or other human factors can contribute to undershoots.

Aircraft Malfunction: While less common, aircraft malfunctions can also cause undershoots.

Mitigation

Runway End Safety Areas (RESAs): These areas provide a space for aircraft to safely decelerate or stop if they undershoot the runway.

Advanced Technologies: Precision approach guidance systems, weather radar, and automated landing systems help pilots maintain a stable and accurate approach.

Pilot Training and Procedures: Extensive pilot training and standard operating procedures help pilots avoid undershoots and manage unexpected situations.