Water landing

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Not to be confused with Landing (water transport) or Splashdown.

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"Ditching" redirects here. For the intentional absence from school, see Truancy.

A Twin Otter float plane completing a water landing

In aviation, a water landing is, in the broadest sense, an aircraft landing on a body of water. Seaplanes, such as floatplanes and flying boats, land on water as a normal operation. Ditching[1] is a controlled emergency landing on the water surface in an aircraft not designed for the purpose, a very rare occurrence.[2] Controlled flight into the surface and uncontrolled flight ending in a body of water (including a runway excursion into water) are generally not considered water landings or ditching, but are considered accidents.[3] Most times, ditching results in aircraft structural failure.

Aircraft water landings[edit | edit source]

By design[edit | edit source]

The Apollo 15 capsule descends under two of three parachutes.

Seaplanes, flying boats, and amphibious aircraft are designed to take off and alight on water. Alighting can be supported by a hull-shaped fuselage and/or pontoons. The availability of a long effective runway was historically important on lifting size restrictions on aircraft, and their freedom from constructed strips remains useful for transportation to lakes and other remote areas. The ability to loiter on water is also important for marine rescue operations and fire fighting. One disadvantage of water alighting is that it is dangerous in the presence of waves. Furthermore, the necessary equipment compromises the craft's aerodynamic efficiency and speed.[4][5]

Spacecraft[edit | edit source]

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Main article: Splashdown

Early crewed spacecraft launched by the United States were designed to alight on water by the splashdown method. The craft would parachute into the water, which acted as a cushion to bring the craft to a stop. Alighting over water rather than land made braking rockets unnecessary, but its disadvantages included difficult retrieval and the danger of drowning. The NASA Space Shuttle design was intended to land on a runway instead. The SpaceX Dragon uses water landings, and has carried crew since 2020.[6][7]

In distress[edit | edit source]

US Airways Flight 1549 ditched on the Hudson River in 2009 with all passengers surviving.
Ditching button on the overhead panel of an Airbus A330

While ditching is extremely uncommon in commercial passenger travel, small aircraft tend to ditch slightly more often because they usually have only one engine and their systems have fewer redundancies. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, there are about a dozen ditchings per year.[8] Reasons for ditching vary, but the most common are the following: engine failure, flat spin, and pilot error.[citation needed]

General aviation[edit | edit source]

General aviation includes all fields of aviation outside of military or scheduled (commercial) flights. This classification includes small aircraft, e.g., training aircraft, airships, gliders, helicopters, and corporate aircraft, including business jets and other for-hire operations. General aviation has the highest accident and incident rate in aviation, with 16 deaths per million flight hours, compared to 0.74 deaths per million flight hours for commercial flights (North America and Europe).[9]

Commercial aircraft[edit | edit source]

In the United States, the FAA does not require commercial pilots to train to ditch but airline cabin personnel must train on the evacuation process.[10] In addition, the FAA implemented rules under which circumstances (kind of operator, number of passengers, weight, route) an aircraft has to carry emergency equipment including floating devices such as life jackets and life rafts.

Some aircraft are designed with the possibility of a water landing in mind. Airbus aircraft, for example, feature a "ditching button" which, if pressed, closes valves and openings underneath the aircraft, including the outflow valve, the air inlet for the emergency RAT, the avionics inlet, the extract valve, and the flow control valve. It is meant to slow flooding in a water landing.[11]

Airplane water ditchings[edit | edit source]

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Date Aircraft Occupants Fatalities Details
13 January 1923 Aeromarine 75 9 4 13 January 1923: An Aeromarine Airways Aeromarine 75 had to ditch into the Atlantic Ocean when the flying boat suffered engine issues. 5 of the 9 people on board survived.[12]
21 October 1926 Handley Page W.10 12 0 21 October 1926: An Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 (G-EBMS) ditched into the English Channel after suffering an engine failure. All 12 people on board survived.[13]
17 June 1929 Handley Page W.10 13 7 17 June 1929: An Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 (G-EBMT) ditched into the English Channel after suffering an engine failure. 6 of the 13 people on board the plane survived.[14]
21 January 1939 Short S.23 Empire 13 3 21 January 1939: An Imperial Airways Short S.23 Empire (G-ADUU) ditched into the Atlantic Ocean after suffering a loss of power to its engines. 10 of the 13 people on board survived.[15]
10 February 1945 Douglas C-47 12 0 10 February 1945: A lost U.S. Air Force Douglas C-47 was attempting to make an emergency landing at a nearby airfield since it was running on low fuel. Unbeknownst to the crew, they were heading towards a Japanese airfield. A P-51, piloted by Louis Edward Curdes, conducting an air attack over the Japanese airfield spotted the C-47. He was unable to contact the crew of the C-47 as the radio on the C-47 stopped working, so he shot down both engines of the C-47 to prevent the occupants of the C-47 to be captured by the Japanese upon landing at the airfield. The C-47 was then forced to ditch into the sea. All 12 people on board survived and were eventually rescued.[16][17]
11 April 1952 Douglas DC-4 69 52 Template:Timeline event[18]
16 April 1952 de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover 3 0 Template:Timeline event
3 August 1953 Lockheed L-749A Constellation 42 4 Template:Timeline event
19 June 1954 Convair CV-240 HB-IRW 9 3 Template:Timeline event[19]
8 May 1954 Antonov An-2 5 0 8 May 1954: After mistakenly enabling reverse thrust, the Antonov An-2 Registered CCCP-N140 sunk after attempting to land on a chunk of floating ice. No occupants were injured and they were rescued by another aircraft.[20]
23 July 1954 Douglas C-54A-10-DC Skymaster 18 10 23 July 1954: Cathay Pacific VR-HEU ditched into the South China Sea after being shot by two Lavochkin La-11 fighters of the 85th Fighter Regiment, People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). While ten passengers and crew were killed by bullets and the subsequent ditching, eight others survived and escaped from the sinking plane, including both pilots.[21]
26 March 1955 Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 23 4 Template:Timeline event[22]
2 April 1956 Boeing 377 38 5 Template:Timeline event[23][24]
16 October 1956 Boeing 377 31 0 Template:Timeline event
14 July 1960 DC-7C 57 1 14 July 1960: Northwest Airlines Flight 1-11 (A DC-7C) with 7 crew and 51 passengers made a successful ditching in shark-infested waters at 4:05am, 11 miles from Magdalo barrio, Polillo Island about 80 miles from Manila, Philippines. Capt. David Hall was forced to make an emergency water landing after a fire broke out in the no. 2 engine when it did not feather followed by its propeller spinning off. In darkness and rough seas, the crew were able to evacuate all passengers and eventually get them aboard the life rafts as the aircraft sank nose first into the Pacific Ocean. There was only 1 loss of life, caused by a heart attack. The 57 passengers and crew were rescued five hours later by Coast Guard Grumman amphibian and a US Navy PBM from Sangley Point Naval Base in Cavite, Philippines.[25][26]
22 October 1962 DC-7C 58 0 Template:Timeline event
23 September 1962 Lockheed 1049H-82 Super Constellation 76 28 Template:Timeline event
21 August 1963 Tupolev Tu-124 52 0 Template:Timeline event
23 April 1966 Ilyushin Il-14 33 33 23 April 1966: Aeroflot Flight 2723 (an Ilyushin Il-14 registered as CCCP-61772) suffered a dual-engine failure several minutes after taking off from Bina International Airport. The pilots were unable to return to Bina and ended up ditching into the Caspian Sea. The wreckage and occupants were not found until a few months later. All 33 people on board died.[27]
16 September 1966 C-47A 27 1 16 September 1966: Iberia Flight 261 [de], operated by Spantax on a Douglas DC-3/C-47A-75-DL registered as EC-ACX, was forced to ditch in the Atlantic Ocean due to an engine problem 2 minutes after takeoff. This domestic flight was en route from Tenerife to La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain. One passenger died during the evacuation.[28]
2 May 1970 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33CF 63 23 Template:Timeline event
17 July 1972 Tupolev Tu-134 5 0 17 July 1972: A GosNIIAS Tupolev Tu-134 (CCCP-65607)Template:Bracket was conducting a test flight when both of its engines shut down and the crew were unable to restart the engines. The plane was low on altitude and had to ditch on the Ikshinskoye reservoir. All 5 people on board survived with no injuries.[citation needed]
11 September 1990 Boeing 727 16 16 (presumed) 11 September 1990: A Faucett Perú Boeing 727 (OB-1303) was running out of fuel and the pilots sent a out a distress message that was picked up by TWA Flight 851 and American Airlines Flight 35, stating that they were preparing to ditch into the Atlantic Ocean. Nothing else was ever heard from the pilots again and the wreckage and occupants were never found.[29][30] Officials from the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) believed the plane had in fact ditched into the Atlantic Ocean.[31]
24 April 1994 Douglas DC-3 25 0 24 April 1994: A DC-3 (VH-EDC), operated by South Pacific Airmotive, suffered a failure of the left engine at approximately 200 ft (61 m) after taking off from Sydney Airport (Australia) . The power of the right engine was insufficient to climb or maintain height, so the pilot carried out a successful ditching. All 25 on board survived with only one minor physical injury.[32][33]
23 November 1996 Boeing 767-260ER 175 125 Template:Timeline event[34]
29 July 1998 Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante 27 12 29 July 1998: A Selva Taxi Aéreo Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante (PT-LGN)Template:Bracket had an oil pressure issue on the number 2 engine twenty minutes after taking off from Manaus-Eduardo Gomes International Airport and had to be shut down later on. Due to this, the crew decided to turn back to Manaus. The plane could not maintain flight with only one engine since the plane was severely overweight and thus unable to reach Manaus, so the plane had to ditch on the Manacapuru River. 12 out of the 27 people on board the plane were killed.[35]
13 January 2000 Short 360 41 22 13 January 2000: An Avisto Short 360 (HB-AAM) suffered a dual-engine failure after the melting of ice accumulated in both engines. The plane ditched into the Mediterranean Sea, 5 km off Marsa Brega Airport. Out of the 41 people on board, 19 had survived, 21 were killed and 1 was missing and is presumed dead.[36]
31 May 2000 Piper PA-31 8 8 Template:Timeline event
27 February 2001 Shorts 360-100 2 2 27 February 2001: Loganair Flight 670A, a Shorts 360-100, took off from Edinburgh Airport, United Kingdom. Shortly thereafter, the plane suffered a dual engine failure from an accumulation of large volumes of snow or slush in both engines and ditched in the Firth of Forth. Both pilots, who were the only people on board, were killed.[37]
16 January 2002 Boeing 737 60 1 Template:Timeline event
May 21, 2002 Douglas DC-3 3 0 May 21, 2002: A Douglas DC-3 registered as X-JBR operated by Aero JBR crashed after performing a regular maintenance flight. The crew had conducted multiple touch and go landing when both engines lost power. The crew successfully ditched it in Lake Casa Blanca and were rescued by a boat. The aircraft sunk in 6 feet (1.8 meters) of water
11 November 2002 Fokker F27 Friendship 34 19 Template:Timeline event[38]
6 August 2005 ATR 72 39 16 Template:Timeline event[39]
4 January 2008 Let L-410 Turbolet 14 14 4 January 2008: At altitude 7,500 the Let L-410 Turbolet airliner operated by Transaven crashed near the Los Roques Archipelago. The aircraft had suffered a double engine flameout and ditched into the ocean. All 14 occupants on board were killed after it sunk to the seafloor.[40]
15 January 2009 Airbus A320 155 0 Template:Timeline event
22 October 2009 Britten-Norman Islander 10 1 Template:Timeline event
18 November 2009 Westwind II 6 0 18 November 2009: A Pel-Air West conducting an air ambulance flight using a Westwind II (VH-NGA) ditched into the sea 3 km south-west of Norfolk Island due to the flight crew being unable to land at Norfolk Island in poor weather conditions and not having enough fuel to divert to another airport. All 6 people on board survived.[41]
6 June 2011 Antonov An-26 3 0 Template:Timeline event
11 July 2011 Antonov An-24 37 7 Template:Timeline event[42]
11 December 2013 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan 9 1 11 December 2013: A Makani Kai Air Cessna 208B Grand Caravan (N687MA) ditched shortly after takeoff from Kalaupapa Airport, Hawaii due to engine failure. The plane sustained substantial damage from the impact. Of the 9 people on board, one passenger was fatally injured, the pilot and two passengers were seriously injured, and five passengers received minor injuries.[43]
26 February 2016 CASA/IPTN CN-235 8 0 26 February 2016: While performing routine training exercises, a Casa CN-235M operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force had its left engine catch aflame. The aircraft subsequently crashed on the beaches of Taman Malawati Utama. 7 of the 8 occupants escaped unhurt with the only injury being the co pilot, who escaped with a broken arm.[44]
22 November 2017 Grumman C-2 Greyhound 11 3 22 November 2017: A Grumman C-2 Greyhound belonging to supercarrier Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) Landed just short of the carrier deck after losing power in both engines, three occupants were killed.[45]
18 October 2019 Douglas DC-3 2 0 18 October 2019: A Douglas DC-3 registered N437GB crashed 2.87 miles (4.61 km) short of runway 13 at Lynden Pindling International Airport in Nassau, Bahamas the DC-3 was being operated by Atlantic Air Cargo and was on a flight to Lynden Pindling from Miami International Airport, the pilot reported that the aircraft lost power in the left engine 25-30 nautical miles from MYNN. He also stated that while under single engine operation after the failure the aircraft's performance was not optimal, which is what coerced him to make the ditching. The ATC of MYNN was notified by both crew members of N437GB that they would make the ditching. Air Traffic Control at MYNN notified the Royal Bahamas Defense Forces. Upon landing rescue efforts were implemented and both the co-pilot and pilot were rescued with no injuries. The aircraft was written off and a limited-scope investigation into the crash was initiated.[46]
21 June 2019 Basler BT-67 2 0 21 June 2019: A North Star Air Basler BT-67 (C-FKGL) lost power to both engines after the pilot in the left seat, who was not flying the plane, accidentally moved the fuel condition levers while retracting the landing gear. The plane, flying in pitch-black conditions, had to ditch into Eabamet Lake, Ontario. Both pilots evacuated the plane without injuries.[47]
2 July 2021 Boeing 737 2 0 2 July 2021: On Transair Flight 810, one engine on the Boeing 737-200 cargo aircraft failed en route from Honolulu to the neighboring Hawaiian island of Maui. The crew attempted to turn back to Honolulu's Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, but the plane's second engine overheated, forcing the two pilots on board to ditch the airplane about 4 miles (6.4 km) off the southern coast of Oahu. Both pilots were rescued by the United States Coast Guard.[48]
15 December 2022 Pilatus PC-6 Porter 2 1 15 December 2022: PK-SNF (Nicknamed "Franz"), the last Pilatus PC-6 Porter produced by Pilatus Aircraft crashed in the water shortly after taking off from Heraklion International Airport after reporting electrical problems. The plane was on a delivery flight with 1 pilot and one passenger from Buochs Airport to Hurghada International Airport with stops in Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport and Podgorica Airport along the way in that chronological order. After taking off from Heraklion International Airport PK-SNF reported unspecified electrical problems and while on a turn back to Heraklion, lost large amounts of airspeed, stalled and ditched in the water, killing the 68 year-old Indonesian passenger and slightly injuring the 28 year-old pilot. The aircraft floated upside down for an extended period of time before being recovered by emergency services, it was on delivery to its new owner Smart Cakrawala Aviation based in Indonesia.[49]

Aircraft landing on water for other reasons[edit | edit source]

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Passengers and crew being rescued by boats after Air Niugini Flight 73 landed in Chuuk Lagoon on 28 September 2018

Aircraft also sometimes end up in water by running off the ends of runways, landing in water short of the end of a runway, or even being forcibly flown into the water during suicidal/homicidal events. Twice at LaGuardia Airport, an aircraft has rolled into the East River (USAir Flight 5050 and USAir Flight 405).

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Military aircraft[edit | edit source]

A limited number of pre-World War II military aircraft, such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat and Douglas TBD Devastator, were equipped with flotation bags that kept them on the surface in the event of a ditching.[63][64]

The "water bird" emergency landing is a technique developed by the Canadian Forces to safely land the Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King helicopter if one engine fails while flying over water. The emergency landing technique allows the boat-hull equipped aircraft to land on the water in a controlled fashion.[65]

Space launch vehicle water landings[edit | edit source]

Beginning in 2013 and continuing into 2014 and 2015, a series of ocean water landing tests were undertaken by SpaceX as a prelude to bringing booster rockets back to the launch pad in an effort to reuse launch vehicle booster stages.[66] Seven test flights with controlled-descents have been conducted by April 2015.[67]

Prior to 2013, successful water landings of launch vehicles were not attempted, while periodic water landings of space capsules have been accomplished since 1961. The vast majority of space launch vehicles take off vertically and are destroyed on falling back to earth. Exceptions include suborbital vertical-landing vehicles (e.g., Masten Xoie or the Armadillo Aerospace' Lunar Lander Challenge vehicle), and the spaceplanes that use the vertical takeoff, horizontal landing (VTHL) approach (e.g., the Space Shuttle, or the USAF X-37) which have landing gear to enable runway landings.[68] Each vertical-takeoff spaceflight system to date has relied on expendable boosters to begin each ascent to orbital velocity. This is beginning to change.

Recent advances in private space transport, where new competition to governmental space initiatives has emerged, have included the explicit design of recoverable rocket technologies into orbital booster rockets. SpaceX has initiated and funded a multimillion-dollar program to pursue this objective, known as the reusable launch system development program.[69][70][71]

The orbital-flight version of the SpaceX design[72] was first successful at accomplishing a water landing (zero velocity and zero altitude) in April 2014 on a Falcon 9 rocket and was the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster.[73][74] Seven test flights with controlled-descent test over-water landings, including two with failed attempts to land on a floating landing platform, have been conducted by April 2015.[67]

In October 2024 the upper stage of SpaceX's Starship spacecraft performed a controlled, high accuracy water landing in the Indian Ocean near a pre-positioned buoy that captured footage of the splashdown.[75]

Techniques for water landings[edit | edit source]

  • Glassy water landings: Glassy water conditions, characterized by little to no wind, pose unique challenges for pilots. In such scenarios, visual cues for altitude are minimized, making it difficult to judge the aircraft's height above the water. Pilots are advised to maintain a controlled descent rate of no more than 150 feet per minute and to establish a pitch attitude before reaching the water. It's crucial to avoid turning during the final approach to prevent wingtip contact with the water.[76][77]
  • Pre-landing assessment: Before landing, pilots should conduct a thorough assessment of the landing area. This includes checking for obstacles, wave height, and wind direction. A common practice is to fly over the intended landing area first to gauge conditions. Adjustments to flaps and descent rates should be made accordingly to ensure a smooth touchdown.[citation needed]

References[edit | edit source]


Further reading[edit | edit source]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water landings.

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External videos
video icon Ditching of a B-24D into the James River in 1944 – Flight
video icon Ditching of a B-24D into the James River in 1944 – Preparations
video icon Ditching Procedures for a C-54

 Ditching Myths Torpedoed!.
 
  (1999)
 
  Retrieved 16 February 2022 from Equipped to Survive

, cites data that show an 88% survival rate for general aviation water ditchings.

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  1. ↑ Ditching light aircraft on Water.  Retrieved 2024-08-18 from www.caa.co.uk
  2. ↑ NTSB Aviation Coding Manual.   National Transportation Safety Board.  (December 1998)  Retrieved 29 January 2012 from link
  3. ↑ Jet Airliner Ditching Events.  Retrieved 2021-07-09 from www.airsafe.com
  4. ↑ Making a Splash.  (October 28, 2024)  Retrieved October 28, 2024 from British Aeronautical Society
  5. ↑ Amphibious Aircrafts [sic].  (October 28, 2024)  Retrieved October 28, 2024 from NASA.Gov
  6. ↑ The science behind splashdown—aerospace engineer explains how NASA and SpaceX get spacecraft safely back.  Retrieved 2024-10-28 from phys.org
  7. ↑ The science behind splashdown − an aerospace engineer explains how NASA and SpaceX get spacecraft safely back on Earth.  Marcos Fernandez Tous.  (2024-06-27)  Retrieved 2024-10-28 from The Conversation
  8. ↑ Ditching Myths Torpedoed!.  Paul Bertorelli.  Retrieved 17 January 2010 from link
  9. ↑ Richard G. McSpadden Report Figure View.  (2020-07-21)  Retrieved 2024-12-30 from www.aopa.org
  10. ↑ CFR 14 Part 121 Appendix D – Criteria for Demonstration of Emergency Evacuation Procedures Under §121.291 Archived 25 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Airbus Overhead Panel.  smartcockpit.com.  Retrieved 9 October 2011 from link
  12. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Aeromarine 75 registration unknown Havana, Cuba.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  13. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Handley Page W.10 G-EBMS English Channel.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from www.asndata.aviation-safety.net
  14. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT Dungeness.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  15. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk II G-ADUU Port Washington, Long Island, NY.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  16. ↑ The American WWII Ace Who Shot Down 7 German, 1 Italian, 1 Japanese, And 1 American Plane.  (2016-08-23)  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from warhistoryonline
  17. ↑ Bad Angel Pilot Lt. Louis E. Curdes Shot Down His Girlfriend in WWII-Truth! & Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?.  Rich Buhler & Staff.  (28 June 2016)  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from link
  18. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-4 N88899 San Juan-Isla Grande Airport (SIG).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  19. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-240-4 HB-IRW Folkestone.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  20. ↑ Accident Antonov An-2T CCCP-N140, Saturday 8 May 1954.  Retrieved 2024-10-28 from asn.flightsafety.org
  21. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54A-10-DC (DC-4) VR-HEU Hainan Island.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2021-02-16 from aviation-safety.net
  22. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 10-26 N1032V Oregon, USA.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  23. ↑ Aircraft Accident Report on Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2 Archived 27 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine from the Department of Transport's Special Collections
  24. ↑ Air Disaster, Vol. 4: The Propeller Era, by Macarthur Job, Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. (Australia), 2001 <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>ISBN 1-875671-48-X
  25. ↑
  26. ↑ Crash-aerien 14 JUL 1960 d'un Douglas DC-7C N292 - Polillo Island.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  27. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-14 CCCP-61772 Boyuk Zira.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  28. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident C-47A EC-ACX off El Sauzal.  Retrieved 2024-06-18 from aviation-safety.net
  29. ↑ Tuesday 11 September 1990.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation.safety.net
  30. ↑
  31. ↑ Boeing 727 ditches in Atlantic.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from UPI
  32. ↑ Investigation: 199401043 - Douglas Aircraft Co Inc DC3C-S1C3G, VH-EDC, Botany Bay, NSW, 24 April 1994.  Retrieved 2022-08-09 from www.atsb.gov.au
  33. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-20-DK (DC-3) VH-EDC Sydney-Kingsford Smith International Airport, NSW (SYD).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-09 from aviation-safety.net
  34. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 767-260ER ET-AIZ Mitsamiouli, Grande Comore.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  35. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante PT-LGN Manaus, AM.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  36. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Shorts 360-300 HB-AAM Marsa el-Brega.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  37. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Shorts 360-100 G-BNMT Granton Harbour.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-16 from aviation-safety.net
  38. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600 RP-C6888 Manila-Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) [Manila Bay].  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  39. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident ATR 72-202 TS-LBB Palermo-Punta Raisi Airport (PMO).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  40. ↑ Crash of a Let L-410UVP-E3 off Los Roques: 14 killed | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives.  Retrieved 2024-10-31 from www.baaa-acro.com
  41. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident IAI 1124A Westwind II VH-NGA Norfolk Island Airport (NLK).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-16 from aviation-safety.net
  42. ↑ Accident: Angara AN24 near Nizhnevartovsk on Jul 11th 2011, water landing after engine fire.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from avherald.com
  43. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Cessna 208B Grand Caravan N687MA Kalaupapa Airport, HI (LUP).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-09 from www.aviation-safety.net
  44. ↑ Crash of a Casa CN-235M near Kuala Selangor | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives.  Retrieved 2024-10-30 from www.baaa-acro.com
  45. ↑ Crash of a Grumman C-2A(R) Greyhound in the Philippines Sea: 3 killed | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives.  Retrieved 2024-10-30 from www.baaa-acro.com
  46. ↑ Crash of a Douglas DC-3C off Nassau | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives.  Retrieved 2025-01-15 from www.baaa-acro.com
  47. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Basler BT-67 Turbo 67 (DC-3T) C-FKGL Fort Hope Airport, ON (YFH).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-10 from aviation-safety.net
  48. ↑
  49. ↑ Crash of a Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo Porter off Heraklion: 1 killed | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives.  Retrieved 2024-12-04 from www.baaa-acro.com
  50. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-1049C-55-81 Super Constellation PH-LKY Shannon Airport (SNN).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-14 from aviation-safety.net
  51. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62 JA8032 San Francisco Bay, CA.  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-16 from aviation-safety.net
  52. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62 LN-MOO Los Angeles, CA [Santa Monica Bay].  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-16 from aviation-safety.net
  53. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154B-1 YR-TPH Nouadhibou Airport (NDB).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  54. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-222 N62AF Washington-National Airport, DC (DCA) [Potomac River].  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-11 from aviation-safety.net
  55. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 LN-RKB New York-John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY (JFK).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-16 from aviation-safety.net
  56. ↑ Airliner Plunges Into Swamp.  (1985-06-27)  Retrieved 2022-05-10 from Los Angeles Times
  57. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 N129AA San Juan-Luis Munoz Marin International Airport (SJU).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-05-10 from aviation-safety.net
  58. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident 2E B-2218 Hong Kong-Kai Tak International Airport (HKG).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-16 from aviation-safety.net
  59. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-287 LV-LIU Ushuaia Airport, TF (USH).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-09-17 from aviation-safety.net
  60. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30F N800WR Entebbe Airport (EBB).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-09 from aviation-safety.net
  61. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-81Q (WL) N732MA Jacksonville Naval Air Station, FL (NIP).  Harro Ranter.  Retrieved 2022-08-09 from aviation-safety.net
  62. ↑
  63. ↑
  64. ↑
  65. ↑ Prince performs 'waterbird' landing, but what is it?.  (4 July 2011)  Retrieved from CTVNews
  66. ↑
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1
  68. ↑
  69. ↑
  70. ↑
  71. ↑
  72. ↑ Landing Legs.  (12 April 2013)  SpaceX News.  Retrieved 2 August 2013 from link
  73. ↑
  74. ↑
  75. ↑ Jonathan's Space Report No. 838.  Jonathan McDowell.  (October 25, 2024)  Retrieved October 28, 2024 from planet4589.org
  76. ↑ Technique: Glassy water landings.  (2017-01-01)  Retrieved 2024-11-17 from Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
  77. ↑ Glassy Water Takeoff/Landing -.  Retrieved 2024-11-17 from link
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